HI 








LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



1V5 51 
Shelf.0.4J 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



AN OUTLINE 



OF A 



COURSE OF STUDY 



Practical Pharmacy. 



by 

OSCAR OLDBERG, Pharm. D. 

Professor of the Theory and Practice of Pharmacy, and Director of the Pharmaceutical 
Laboratory of the Chicago College of Pharmacy. 






INTENDED AS A GUIDE FOR STUDENTS. 



PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 

CHICAGO, 






>%£> 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1885, by 

OSCAR OLDBERG, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 



CHAS. J. JOHNSON, Pharmaceutical Printer, 
102 Madison St , Chicago. 



PREFACE. 



To facilitate the work of student and teacher, I have in this syllabus 
attempted a grouping of the more important subjects which form the skeleton 
of a thorough course in practical pharmacy. The Table of Contents will 
serve to indicate that there are many repetitions of several titles under vari- 
ous heads. This renders it practicable to use this syllabus without being tied 
down to any one rigid order of study. Several lists or tables are contained 
in this little book which form no part of the arrangement of a course of 
study, but which have been inserted as being very useful in connection with 
it, as for instance, the alphabetical list of organic drugs with their principal 
chemical constituents, pp. 49-61. 

Students who are reading pharmacy without the aid of a teacher, and 
into whose hands this book may come, are advised to study the subject in 
about the following order: 

Section i. Pharmacy, Pharmacopceias, and Metrology, in the 
order indicated on pp. 5 to 8. 

Section 2. Pharmacal Manipulations, as suggested on pp. 9-15, with 
illustrations selected from the classifications found on pp. 23-35 and pp. 
72-78. 

Section 3 General Review of Officinal Pharmacal Prepara- 
tions, in the order given on pp. 72-78, and pp. 16-22. 

Section 4. General Review of Extemporaneous Pharmacy, as 
indicated on p. 81, with illustrations from pp. 72-78 and 82-100. 

Section 5. Inorganic Pharmacal Chemistry, as presented on pp. 
24-25, including the officinal and extemporaneous pharmacy of the more im- 
portant preparations, as exemplified on pp. 99-100. 

[The Inorganic Pharmacal Preparations may also be taken up in the 
order cited on pp. 16-22, if preferred.] 

Section 6. Organic Pharmacal Chemistry, according to the syllabus 
on pp. 36-48, with illustrations selected from pp. 62-71 and 79-80. 

Section 7. The Pharmaco-technology of Typical and Important 
Organic Drugs, as illustrated on pp. 79-80 and 82-100. 

The author believes this order of study to be the most natural, rational 
and effective. The general principles, processes, and manipulations should 
be studied before the pharmacy of individual drugs is taken up; and the in- 
organic pharmacy, as presenting less difficulties, should be reviewed before 
the pharmacy of organic substances. 
Chicago, June, 1883. THE AUTHOR. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Introductory: Pages 

Pharmacy and Laws Relating to Pharmacy : 5 

Pharmaceutical Education 6 

Pharmacopoeias 6 

Weights and Measures 7 

Specific Gravty and Specific Volume 8 

Pharmacal Manipulations: 

Collection, Preparation and Preservation of Drugs 9 

Comminution 9 

Uses and Effects of Heat 9 

. Fusion, Calcination, Incineration, Sublimation, etc 10 

Solution ; 10 

Chemical Solution 11 

Generation and Solution of Gases 11 

Diffusion, Dialysis and Capillarity 11 

Extraction 12 

Percolation 12 

Expression and Filtration 12 

Other means of Purification and Separation 13 

Evaporation 13 

Distillation 14 

Crystallization 14 

Precipitation and Washing 15 

Inorganic Pharmacal Chemistry: 

Acids 16 

Compounds of the Non-metallic Elements 16 

Compounds of the Metallic Elements 1 7-22 

Preparations' made by Dry processes 23 24 

Preparations made by Wet Processes 24-35 

Organic Pharmacal Chemistry : 36-48 

Carbohydrates and their Products 36-48 

Glucosides 36-40 

Organic Acids 40-41 

Alcohols and Products 4 I_ 4 2 

Fixed Oils 4 2 

Glycerin 43 



II TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

Paraffins 43 

Aromatic Hydrocarbons 43 

Volatile Oils 43~45 

Camphors 45 

Resins 45 

Oleoresins 46 

Gum Resins 46 

Alkaloids 46-47 

Cyanogen Compounds 47 

Albuminoid Substances 48 

Gelatinoid Substances 48 

Feiments. . . 48 

Table of Organic Drugs and their Constituents 49-61 

Classification of Proximate Principles of Drugs 62 

Classification of Drugs according to their Constituents. . .62-71 

Drugs containing much woody fibre 62 

Drugs containing amylaceous substances 62 

Drugs containing mucilaginous matters 63 

Drugs containing pectous matters 63 

Drugs containing much sugar 63 

Drugs containing albuminoid substances 63 

Drugs containing fixed oils 63 

Drugs with peculiar coloring matters 63 

Drugs containing caoutchouc, etc 64 

Drugs containing volatile oils 64 

Drugs containing volatile oils associated with resins 65 

Drugs containing resins 65 

Balsamic Drugs ._ 66 

Gum Resins 66 

Drugs containing peculiar acids 66 

Drugs containing glucosides, etc 66-67 

Drugs containing tannins 67- 68 

Drugs containing bitter principles associated with volatile oils. ... 68 

Drugs containing bitter principles associated with tannin 68 

Drugs containing bitter principles but without tannin 69 

Drugs containing alkaloids used as bitter tonics 69 

Drugs containing alkaloids 69 

Acrid Drugs 70 

Poisonous Drugs 70-7 1 

Organic Officinal Pharmacal Preparation 7 -78 

Dry, solid and semi-solid Products , 72-75 

Species 72 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. Ill 

Powders 72 

Triturations 72 

Extracts 72 

Abstracts 73 

Resins 73 

Oleoresins 73 

Confections 73 

Troches .- 73 

Pills and Masses 73 

Capsules and Wafers 74 

Jellies 74 

Pastes 74 

Gelatin lamellae 74 

Filled Capsules, hard and soft 74 

Cataplasms „ „ . 74 

Chartse 74 

Ointments , 74 

Cerates 74 

Oleates 74 

Plasters 74 

Suppositories. 75 

Liquid Products . . 75-78 

Simple Solutions 75 

Medicated and Aromatic Waters 75 

Mucilages .„ „ 75 

Infusions 75 

Decoctions . . 75 

Emulsions 75 

Syrups 76 

Glycerites . . 76 

Spirits. 76 

Other Simple Alcoholic Solutions 76 

Tinctures 76 

Wines 76 

Fluid Extracts 76-77 

Ethereal Liquid Preparations , 77 

Vinegars 77 

Mixtures 78 

Collodions 78 

Liniments 78 

Injections 7& 

Lotions 78 



IV TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

Gargles . „ ... 78 

Sprays and Inhalations. 78 

Hypodermatic Injections 78 

Baths 78 

Fumigations and Vapor Baths 78 

Disinfectants and Antiseptics 78 

Working Processes for the Preparation of Organic Pharmaco- 
Chemicals 79-80 

Extemporaneous Pharmacy , 81 

Pharmaco-technology of Typical and Important Drugs 82-100 

Operative Pharmacy: 

Practical Laboratory Work 101-103 



OUTLINE 



OF 



COURSE OF INSTRUCTION, 

Department of Theory and Practice of 

PHARMACY. 

Chicago College of Pharmacy. 



INTRODUCTORY. 

PHARMACY. 

Definition and uses. History and development. Separation of Phar- 
macy from medicine. 

Forms in which medicines are used. 

Theory and Practice of Pharmacy. Sciences involved in the intelligent 
study and practice of the art. 

The mercantile side of the drug business in the United States and in other 
countries. The past, present and future. Secret remedies and other proprietary 
preparations. Manufacturing chemistry and pharmacy. How far the phar- 
macist of to-day might and should make the pharmacal preparations to sup- 
ply the demands of his own patrons. 

LAWS GOVERNING THE PRACTICE OF PHARMACY. 

The practice of pharmacy and sale of medicines and poisons are regu- 
lated by law in all civilized countries. General review of pharmacal 
legislation. Reasons why none but qualified pharmacists should be permit- 
ted to either prepare or sell any medicines or poisons. 

Pharmacy Laws and Pharmacy Boards in the United States. 

Relations of pharmacists to the community at large; to their patrons; and 
to the medical profession. 



6 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

PHARMACAL EDUCATION. 

Necessity of thorough theoretical and practical training in the ranks of 
the pharmacal profession. Preparatory education, apprenticeship, study 
during apprenticeship, and special education in pharmacal schools and col- 
leges. 

Pharmacal educational institutions and requirements in Europe and in 
general. 

Lectures, text book studies, recitations and examinations. 

Practical training in operative pharmacy a necessary part of a complete 
course in pharmacy. Actual practice in making pharmacal preparations 
and in dispensing, an indispensable feature of instruction. 

Pharmacal education in the United States. The schools and colleges of 
pharmacy ; their organization, published schemes of instruction and require- 
ments. 

Pharmacal and Chemical Laboratories in the American colleges of phar- 
macy. Number of lectures in each department of instruction. Wide differ- 
ences between the several colleges in the amount of tuition given — from about 
one hundred and twenty lectures, common to Juniors and Seniors, repeating 
the same course each term, or sixty lectures to the Junior class and the re- 
maining sixty to the Seniors, to double that number. 

Optional and obligatory parts of the course of instruction. 

Text-books and Reference Books. 

Entrance examinations ; Junior examinations, and final examinations. 
The requirements for graduation. Diplomas. " Certificates of Proficiency." 

Certificates of registration issued by the Pharmacy Boards, and the 
recognition of diplomas by such boards. 

PHARMACOPCEIAS. 

What they are. Their history and development, and the necessity of 
authoritative pharmacopoeial descriptions and standards for the identification 
of drugs and the establishment of UNIFORMITY in the strength and quality 
of medicinal preparations. 

Pharmacopceial authorities of the respective nations. Interna- 
tional Pharmaceutical Congresses. 

Universal, international, national and local pharmacopoeias. General 
pharmacopoeias. Military, hospital, veterinary and other special pharma- 
copoeias. Unofficial pharmacopoeias. Formularies. 

Commentaries and dispensatories. 

British, German, French, and other foreign pharmacopoeias. Their 
forms and the languages used. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 7 

The pharmacopoeia of the UNITED STATES. Its History. The 
national pharmacopceial CONVENTION. The Decennial Committee of 
Revision and Publication of the Pharmacopoeia. 

Present and preceding pharmacopoeias of the United States compared. 

Sixth Revision of the Pharmacopoeia of the United States. Its plan, 
scope, and important features. Language. 

Pharmacopceial nomenclature. Nomenclature of organic drugs ; botani- 
cal genus and species names, and designation of plant parts used. Pharma- 
cal titles of drugs and preparations. 

Chemical nomenclature. 

Latin and English technical terminology. Pronounciation and declen- 
sion of titles derived from the Latin. 

Vernacular names and synonyms. 

Scientific nomenclature. Defects in the present nomenclature of phar- 
macopoeias. Shop labels and abbreviations. 

Official and unofficial drugs and preparations. Officinal and magistral 
preparations. 

Pharmxcopceial descriptions of organic drugs and of chemicals. Identity 
tests. Purity tests. Quantitive tests. Assay methods. 

General directions. Forms of expression. 

Working processes. Proportional strength of preparations. Centesimal 
ratio by iv eight. 

Tables. Index. 

METROLOGY. 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

All bodies occupy space and possess weight. 

Measures of linear extension, surface, volume, and weight. 

Obsolete units of measurement. 

The several systems of weights and measures in actual use for purposes 
of trade, industry and science. 

Theoretical, legal, and actual standards. Units. 

Measurements of values, of whatever kind, all based primarily upon 
some standard of linear measure. 

The polar axis, the equator, and the meridian of the earth, and the 
length of the second-pendulum, as bases for metrological systems. 

English and American Measures of Length and Surface; Cubic Measures, 
and liquid and dry Measures of Capacity; Wine Measure; U. S. Apothecaries' 
Fluid Measures; Imperial Fluid Measures ; Avoirdupois, Troy, and Apo- 
thecaries' Weights. 

Signs and abbreviations. 



8 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

The decimal system of weights and measures derived from the 
meter. Universality. Characteristics of the metric system: — In accord 
with our arithmetic ; founded primarily upon a physical constant ; all its 
units of measurement, whether of length, surface, volume, or weight, bear- 
ing simple relations each to the other ; and the units of weight and of 
volume having the simplest possible relation to the substance (water) chosen 
as the universal standard of comparison for the expression of specific gravity 
of solids and liquids. 

Prefixes used in connection with the units of the metric system ; Latin 
numerals for subdivisions, and Greek numerals for multiples of these units. 

Orthography and abbreviations. 

Equivalents of units of each system in units of other systems. 

Rules for converting values expressed in terms of one system into terms 
of other systems. 

Relative precision of weighing and measuring. 

Relation of weight to volume and volume to weight. 

The Balance. Construction, care and use of scales and weights. 
Number and kind required for pharmacal purposes. Tare. 

Measures and graduated glasses and cylinders. Minim pipettes. 
Droppers. Approximate measures. 

Pharmacopceial weights and measures. Parts by weight. Liquid 
medicines administered by measure, and their doses adjusted volume 
trically. Statements of definite quantities frequently unavoidable in phar- 
macopceial formulae. 

Quantities for which working formulae are usually constructed. 

Specific Gravity. 

Definition. 

Real and apparent specific gravity. 

Formulae for calculations of specific gravities. 

Determination of sp. gr. of liquids; pycnometers, and areometers or 
hydrometers, and other apparatus and devices. 

Law of Archimedes. Hydrostatic balance. 

Methods of determining the specific gravities of solids and gases. 

Corrections for variations in temperature. 

Importance and uses of the ascertainment of the specific gravities of 
substances. 

Fluids lighter than v ater. Fluids heavier than water. 

Specific gravity tables. 

Specific Volume. 
Definition. How obtained. Practical usefulness. Tables. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 



PHARMACAL MANIPULATIONS. 



COLLECTION, PREPARATION AND PRESERVATION OF DRUGS 

Seasons for collecting drugs. Stage of development of plant parts. 
Influences of climates; seasons and soil. 
Cleaning, pruning, slicing, drying, garbling. 
Effects of heat, light, air and moisture on different plant parts. 
Preservation of drugs, chemicals, and pharmacals, Containeis. 
Cellar, store room, and officine. 

Cold and warm, moist and dry, light and dark, sunny and shaded places 
in the rooms. 

COMMINUTION. 

Drying, cutting, crushing, grinding, contusion, trituration. 

Cutting knives, troughs, chopping implements, etc. 

Stone mills. Burr mills, chasers, and the various iron mills ; their 
construction, operation, and range of applicability for different kinds of 
drugs. 

Hand mills. Iron mortar and pestle. 

Care and cleaning of mills, mill boxes, mortars and pestles, etc. 

Sifting. Bolting. Sieves of wire cloth, haircloth, silk, etc. Drums. 
How to use, clean, and take care of sieves. 

Powdering chemicals. 

Fineness of powders. Pharmacopceial definitions. The caliber of 
wires and meshes of sieves. 

Commercial ground drugs and powders. 

Soft parts generally more active than the tough portion of drugs. 

Wedgewood mortars and pestles for triturating and mixing powders. 
Spatulas. 

Species and officinal powders. 

USES AND EFFECTS OF HEAT. 

Its nature, sources, and transmission. 

Expansion and contraction with changes of temperature. 



IO OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Chemical union and disunion caused by heat. 

Heat from chemism. 

Latent Heat. 

Measurement of heat. Thermometers, and their uses. Thermometer 
scales. 

Various kinds of fuel. 

Furnaces, stoves, burners, lamps, sand baths, steam heat, water baths, 
oil baths, solution baths, hot air and hot water ovens, drying rooms, desicca- 
tors, etc. 

Stands, jackets, chimneys, hoods, and flues. Blowers, and blast lamps. 
Blow pipe. 

Flames. 

Fusing and boiling points, and the methods of their determination. 

Effects of various degrees of temperature on certain substances, as albu- 
minous matters, starch, sugar, etc. 

Fermentation ; nature, conditions, varieties, and results. 

FUSION, CALCINATION, INCINERATION, SUBLIMATION, ETC. 

Fusion of elementary bodies, ores, crystals, fats, etc. 

Crucibles and other vessels used in processes requiring fusion. 

Fusing points of mixtures. 

Calcination, dehydration, exsiccation, incineration, ignition, reduction 
and oxidation, roasting, torrefaction, and destructive or dry distillation. 

Sublimation. Fractional sublimation. 

Preparations made by the above mentioned processes. 

Ointments, Cerates, Plasters. 

Iodide of Sulphur, Sulphurated Potassa, Sulphurated Lime, Phosphide 
of Zinc, Iodide of Arsenic, Red Sulphide of Mercury. 

Dried Alum, Dried Sulphate of Iron, Dried Carbonate of Sodium, Dried 
Arseniate of Sodium. Pyrophosphate of Sodium. 

Calx, Magnesia. 

Oxide of Mercury. Oxide of Antimony. Oxide of Zinc. 

Arseniate of Sodium Cyanide of Potassium. 

Mercuric Chloride, Mercurous Chloride, Benzoic Acid. 

SOLUTION. 

Solubility. 

Solvents. Water, Alcohol, etc. 

Menstrua. 

Solution of solids generally aided by comminution, stirring, and heat. 

Simple solution. Chei7iical or Compound solution. Partial solution. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. II 

Fractional solution. 

Dilute, concentrated, saturated, and supersaturated solutions. 

Solutions of solids, liquids, and gases. 

Means of effecting solution. 

Solubility of one substance affected by the presence of other substances. 
Rapidity of solution not proportionate to degree of solubility. 

Ratio of solubility not commensurate with equal increments of tempera- 
ture by thermometer scale. 

Tables of solubilities. Practical limits of solubility for pharmacal work. 

Flasks, beakers, mortars and pestles, capsules, stirrers, etc. 

Earthern ware baskets for solution of bismuth in nitric acid. 

Application of heat to vessels containing liquids. 

Freezing mixtures. 

Pharmacopceial Solutions, Waters, Syrups, Mucilages, Glycerites, Spirits, 
etc. 

CHEMICAL SOLUTION, ETC. 

Compound solution. Neutralization. Acidulation. Alkalization. Sat- 
uration. 

Oxidization by nitric acid (zoet oxidation) as in converting phosphorus 
into phosphoric acid, ferrous salts into ferric, etc. 

Working processes illustrating chemical solution and wet oxidation. 

GENERATION AND SOLUTION OF GASES. 

Apparatus required. 

Precautions. 

Wash bottles. 

Cold, agitation, etc. 

Luting. 

Safety tubes. 

Application of heat to generator. 

Officinal solutions of gases : Hydrobromic, Hydrochloric, and Hydro- 
cyanic Acids, Sulphurous Acid, Ammonia Water, Spirit of Ammonia, Chlorine 
Water. 

DIFFUSION, DIALYSIS, AND CAPILLARITY. 

Crystalloids and Colloids. 

Animal and vegetable membranes or septa. 

Diffusion. Osmosis. Dialysis. 

Capillarity. 

Relations to pharmacal processes. 



12 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

EXTRACTION. 

Menstrua. 

Maceration, infusion, digestion, decoction. 

(Percolation.) 

Preparation of the drug for extraction, by comminution, etc. 

Vessels used. 

Organic substances generally sensitive to heat and readily altered, 
injured, or wholly destroyed by it. 

Kinds of drugs from which infusions may be made, and drugs which 
furnish decoctions. 

Official and unofficial infusions, decoctions, macerates, percolates, etc. 

PERCOLATION. 

Lixiviation or leeching. 

Displacement. 

Percolation. 

Principles governing percolation. 

Percolators of various forms, dimensions, and construction. The perco- 
lators of the Chicago College of Pharmacy, designed by the author. 

Simple percolation. Pharmacopceial directions. The several steps in 
the process. Preparation of the drug. Degree of fineness. Selection of 
menstruum. Moistening. Sifting. Softening before packing. Packing. 
Saturation with menstruum. Maceration, Percolation. 

Rate of flow and how controlled. 

The percolate. 

Rate of exhaustion of drug. 

Difference in character of the several fractions of percolate. 

First (" Reserved portion "), second and third percolates. 

Evaporation of the weaker portion in certain cases. 

" Repercolation" or "fractional percolation." Weak percolates. Ap- 
paratus for repercolation. 

Continuous percolation. 

Fluid Extracts, Tinctures, Wines and Vinegars, Aromatic Waters, etc. 

EXPRESSION AND FILTRATION. 

Expression. — Hydraulic press. Screw presses of different kinds. 
Tincture presses. 

Press bags and cloths. 

Filter presses. 

Strainers and straining bags. Tenaculum. "Hippocrates' sleeve." 

Shaker's flannel, Canton flannel, bleached and unbleached muslin, sponge, 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE 1 3 

cotton, sand, asbestos, glass wool. 

Filtration through paper. 

Asbestos fibre and paper. 

Gray and white filter paper, coarse and fine, pure and impure. Paper 
pulp. 

Filtrate. 

Filtration of oils, syrups, and other viscid fluids. 

Filtration of acids and other chemicals. 

Means of promoting rapidity of filtration. Pressure. Filter pumps and 
aspirators. 

Hot Filtration. Jacketed funnels, steam coils, etc. 

Continuous filtration. 

How to fold and insert paper filters, and their use. 

Plain, plated, and other paper filters. 

Funnels, and their proper shape. 

Ribbed funnels. 

Filter baskets, and other supports. 

Filter stands. 

OTHER MEANS OF PURIFICATION AND SEPARATION. 

Clarification by albumen, etc. 

Decolorization by animal charcoal. Kind of charcoal required ; its 
preparation and purification. Action and uses. Losses by absorption. 
Examples. 

Separation of liquids. 

S epar at ory funnels and other separatory apparatus. 
Separation of fixed oils or of volatile oils from watery liquids. 

EVAPORATION. 

Spontaneous evaporation. 

Use of heat. Direct fire, sand bath, steam heat, water bath. 
Tension. 
Boiling. 

Substances injured by high heat. 
Kettles and Pans, Capsules ; their form. 

Conditions governing rate of evaporation ; degree of heat, surface ex- 
posed to air, dryness of air, drafts, etc. 
Stirring. Mechanical stirrers. 
Other means of hastening evaporation. 
Evaporation in Vacuo ; vacuum pans. 
The Evaporate. 



14 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Evaporation to dryness. Residue. 
Officinal Fluid Extracts, Extracts, etc. 
Scaling of iron preparations, etc. Scale salts. 

DISTILLATION. 

General description of process. 

Apparatus. Steam jacket stills. Steam coil stills. Alembic. 
Procter's, Remington's, and Wolf's stills. Construction. Cleansing. 
Retorts and Receivers. Adapters. Flasks. 
Bumping. 

Stands and supports. 
Water bath. 
Grummets. 

Distillation in vacuo by the aid of an aspirator. 

Condensers. Worm. Liebig's, Squibbs', and Mitscherlich's condensers. 
Rejection of fir^t and last portions. 

When to discontinue the run. Disconnection of still from the receiver 
to prevent suction. 

Distilled water. 

Distillation and rectification of alcohol. 

Recovery of alcohol from ' ' marc. ' ' 

Fractional distillation. 

Boiling points of mixed liquids. 

Distillation of aromatic zoaters and volatile oils. 

Officinal preparations made by distillation. 

Chemical distillation, as of ether, chloroform, spirit of nitrous ether, etc. 

CRYSTALLIZATION. 
Crystal form. 

Amorphous substances. 

Crystallic and crystalline substances. 

Dimorphotts, polymorphous and isomorphous substances. 

Crystallography. Laws governing crystallization. 

Water of crystallization. Anhydrous crystals. Decrepitation. Eff lores, 
cence. Deliquescence. 

The six systems of crystallization. Compound forms. 

Axes, bases, planes, angles, and apexes. 

Cubic, prismatic, tabular, scaly, pyramidal and other crystals. 

Means of inducing crystallization by fusion and cooling; solution and 
cooling ; cold ; solution and evaporation ; precipitation ; sublimation. 

Density of solutions. 

Evaporation to crystallization. Pellicle. Nuclei. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 15 

Size of crystals. Free crystals, clusters, cakes, and crusts. 
Mother liquor. 

First, second, and third crops, etc. 
Granulation. 

Crystallization as a means of purification. Separation of hetero-morphous 
substances in solution. 
Re— crystallization. 

Collection, washing, and drying of crystals. 
Officinal preparations made by crystallization, or by granulation. 

PRECIPITATION AND WASHING. 

Definition. 

Always takes place in liquids. 

Precipitates are solids. 

Caused by changes either in the solvent or in the dissolved matter. 

Double decomposition, when insoluble products are formed. 

Precipitation caused by changes in temperature. 

The most common method is to mix two solutions which give rise to 
the formation of a new insoluble compound. 

Precipitant. 

Proportions of the ingredients used. 

Degree of concentration or dilution of solutions. 

Order of mixing them. How to proceed when one substance must be in 
excess over the other throughout the act of precipitation. 

Gradual mixing. Use of syphons. 

Effects of stirring. 

Hot and cold precipitation. Use of ice. 

Presence of foreign substances, as acids, etc., sometimes aids precipitation. 

Character of precipitates. Heavy or light ; amorphous or crystalline ; 
fine or coarse. Pulverulent, flocculent, gelatinous. Magma. 

Supernatant liquid. 

Precipitating jars, bottles, beakers, glasses, test-tubes. Stone pots. 

Washing of precipitates. Washings . 

Decantation. 

Pouring of liquids. 

Syphons and their uses. 

Washing on strainers ; on filter paper. 

Collection and drying of precipitates. 

Pressing w T ater out of magmas. 

Powdering and sifting precipitates. 

Elutriation. 

Officinal preparations made by precipitation. 



l6 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 



PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY. 



Definite chemical compounds. Inorganic chemicals. Organic chemicals. 

Simple solutions of chemicals. 

Chemical preparations of indefinite composition. 

rharmacal preparations not prepared from chemicals, and not involving 
chemical reactions. 

Unmixed substances ; simple powders. 

Mixtures, dry and liquid ; as compound powders, pills, troches, oint- 
ments, plasters, etc. 

Pharmacal extracts and solutions. 

Miscellaneous preparations. 

INORGANIC ACIDS. 

Oxy-acids. — Nitric Acid; Diluted Nitric Acid; Nitrates. Nitrous 
Acid. Nitrites. Chloric Acid; Chlorates. Hypochlorous Acid; Hypo- 
chlorites. Iodic Acid; Iodates. Bromic Acid; Bromates. Sulphuric 
Acid; Diluted Sulphuric Acid; Sulphates. Sulphurous Acid; Sulphur 
fumigation; Sulphites. Hyposulphurous Acid; Hyposulphites. Phos- 
phoric Acid; Diluted Phosphoric Acid; Phosphates. Hypophosphorous 
Acid; Hypophosphites. Pyrophosphoric Acid; Pyrophosphates. Anti- 
monic Acid; Antimoniates. Arsenic Acid; Arseniates. Arsenious Acid; 
Arsenites. Carbonic Acid; Carbonates. Oxalic Acid; Oxalates. Boric 
Acid; Borates; Other compounds of Boric Acid. Silicic Acid; Silicates. 
Chromic Acid; Chromates. Nitrohydrochloric Acid; Diluted Nitrohydro- 
chloric Acid. 

Hydr acids. — Hydrochloric Acid; Diluted Hydrochloric Acid; Chlo- 
rides. Hydriodic Acid; Iodides. Hydrobromic Acid; Bromides. Hydro- 
cyanic Acid; Cyanides. 

COMPOUNDS OF NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS. 

Oxygen. — Ozone. — Oxides. Hydrogen. — Water. Peroxide. — Acids. 
Nitrogen. — Nitrous Oxide. 

Chlorine. — Fumigation. Chlorine Water. Chlorinated Soda Solu- 
tion. Chlorinated Potassa Solution. Chlorinated Lime. Chlorides. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. I 7 

Iodine. — Crude. Resublimed. 

Tincture. Vapor or Inhalation. Compound Solution of Iodine. 
Decolorized Tincture. Collodion. Ointment. Liniment. Iodized Starch. 
Iodide of Sulphur. 

Hydriodic Acid and Syrup of Hydriodic Acid. 

Metallic Iodides. 

Bromine. — Dangerous nature. — Bromine solutions for surgical uses. 
Br with CI and I. 

Hydrobromic Acid. 

Bromides. Monobromated Camphor. 

Sulphur. Brimstone. Flower of Sulphur. Washed Sulphur. Precip- 
itated Sulphur. "Milk of Sulphur." 

Confection. Compound Powder of Glycyrrhiza, Sulphur in quasi- 
emulsion, suspended by means of Acacia. 

Sulphurated Potassa and Sulphurated Lime. Sulphur with Green Soap. 
Sulphur Ointment and Alkaline Sulphur Ointment. 

Sulphurated Oil. 

Sulphides. Carbon Bisulphide. 

Phosphorus. — Whole Phosphorus. Powder. 

Pills. Phosphorated Tolu. Pastes. 

Solutions in Absolute Alcohol, Fixed Oils, Chloroform, Ether, etc. 

Phosphide of Zinc. 

Carbon. — Wood charcoal. Animal charcoal. 

COMPOUNDS OF THE METALLIC ELEMENTS. 

Potassium. — The Metal. 

Carbonate ; crude, in masses or granulated ; purified ; pure. 
Bicarbonate. 

Potassa, or Potassium Hydrate. Liquor Potassae. Potassa cum Calce. 
Nitrate ; crude, purified, granulated ; Charta Potassii Nitratis. Sal 
Prunellse. Nitrite. 

Chlorate. Perchlorate. 

Hypochlorite. 

Iodate. Bromate. 

Phosphate. Hypophosphite. 

wSulphate and Bisulphate. 

Sulphite and Bisulphite. 

Silicate. 

Chromate. Bichromate. 

Arseniate. Arsenite. 

Antimoniate. 



1 8 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Chloride. Iodide. Bromide. 

Cyanide 

Sulphide. Sulpho-cyanide. (Sulpho-cyanate.) 

Ferro-cyanide. Ferri -cyanide. 

Acetate. Solution. 

Oxalate. Binoxalate. 

Tartrate. Bitartrate. Borotartrate. Potassium and Sodium Tartrate. 
Potassium and Ammonium Tartrate. 

Citrate. Solution. Mixture. Boro-citrate. 

Carbolate. Sulpho-carbolate. 

Picrate. 

Salicylate. 

Oleate. Palmitate. Stearate. 
Sodium. Metal. — 

Carbonate; "Sal Sodae;" Pure Sodium Carbonate. Dried. 

Bicarbonate, crude, and pure. Vichy Salt. 

Soda, or Sodium Hydrate. Liquor Sodse. 

Nitrate. Nitrite. 

Chlorate. 

Hypochlorite. 

Iodate Bromate. 

Phosphate. Pyrophosphate. Microcosmic Salt. 

Hypophosphite. 

Sulphate. Dried Sulphate. Carlsbad Salt, 

vSulphite. Bisulphite. Hyposulphite. 

Borate. 

Silicate. 

Chromate. Tungstate. 

Antimoniate. 

Arseniate; Dried Arseniate. Pyro-Arseniate. Arsenite. 

Chloride. Iodide. Bromide. (Nitro-prusside.) 

Formiate. Acetate. Valerianate. Sulpho-vinate 

Tartrate. Soda Powders. Seidlitz Powders. Citro-Tartrate. 

Citrate. Solution. Potio Riveri. Boro-citrate. 

Carbolate. Solution. Sulpho-carbolate. Picrate. 

Salicylate. 

Benzoate. Cinnamate. 

Santoninate. Solution, Troches, and Albuminated. 

Oleate. Palmitate. Stearate. 
Lithium. — Metal. Saturating power. 

Carbonate. Chloride. Iodide. Bromide. 

Citrate. Salicylate. Benzoate. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 19 

Ammonium. — Ammonia Water. Stronger Ammonia Water. Other solutions 

of Ammonia. 

Spirit of Ammonia. Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia. 

Carbonate. Bicarbonate. 

Nitrate. 

Phosphate. 

Hypophosphite. 

Sulphate. 

Chloride; crude; purified. 

Iodide. Bromide. Sulphide. 

Acetate. Solution. Valerianate. Solution. 

Succinate. Solution. (Empyreumatic Hartshorn Salt.) 

Oxalate. 

Tartrate. Citrate. Solution. 
_ Picrate. 

Benzoate. 

Oleate. Liniment. 
Barium. — Carbonate. Baryta. Nitrate. Chloride. Iodide. 
Calcium. — Calx, or Calcium Oxide. Calcium Hydrate; Lime Water. 

Syrupus Calcis. 

Carbonate. Prepared Chalk. Bicarbonate. 

Phosphate. Lacto-phosphate. Hypo-phosphite. 

Sulphate. Dried Sulphate, or Plaster of Paris. 

Sulphite. 

Chloride. Iodide. Bromide. Sulphide. 

Carbolate. Sulpho-carbolate. 
Magnesium. — Carbonate; Light and Heavy. Bicarbonate. 

Magnesia. Heavy Magnesia. 

Phosphate. Hypophosphite. 

Sulphate. Sulphite. 

Chloride. Iodide. Bromide. Sulphide 

Acetate. Tartrate, Citrate. Solution, and Granulated. 
ZlNC. — Metal. Granulated. 

Oxide; Sublimed, and from Precipitated Carbonate. 

Sulphate. 

Carbonate. Calamine. 

Chloride. Iodide. Bromide. Cyanide. 

Phosphide. 

Ferro-cyanide. 

Acetate. Valerianate. Lactate. 

Sulpho-carbolate. Salicylate. 

Oleate. 



20 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Cadmium.— Sulphate. Iodide. Oleate. 
Lead. — Oxide, or Litharge. Red Oxide. 

Carbonate. 

Nitrate. Sulphate. Chromate. 

Chloride. Iodide. Sulphide. 

Acetate. Subacetate. Solutions. Tannate. Oleate. 
Copper. — Oxide. Sulphate. Ammoniacal Sulphate. Ammoniated Copper. 

Nitrate. Chloride. Ferro-cyanide. 

Aluminated Copper. Phosphate. 

Acetate. Subacetate. 

Oleate. 
Gold. — Leaf. — Chloride. Gold and Sodium Chloride. 
Silver. —Silver Leaf. Oxide. 

Nitrate ; crystallized and fused. Nitrate, diluted. Nitrate, with Lead. 
Ammonio-Silver Nitrate. 

Chloride. Iodide. Bromide. Cyanide. 

Oleate. 
Mercury. — Crude. Purified. 

Mercuric Oxide; Red and Yellow. Mercurous Oxide. (Carbonate.) 

Nitrates; mercuric and mercurous. Solutions. 

Sulphate. Subsulphate. 

Chlorides; mercuric and mercurous. 

Iodides; mercuric and mercurous. Mercuroso-mercuric Iodide. 

Bromides; mercuric and mercurous. 

Cyanide. 

Sulphides; Red and Black. 

Ammoniated Mercury. 

Iodohydrargyrate of Potassium. 

Oleates; mercuric and mercurous. 
Cerium. — Nitrate. Carbonate. Oxalate. Bromide. 
Aluminium. — Alum, or Aluminium and Potassium Sulphate. Granulated 

Alum. Powdered Alum. Dried Alum. 

Aluminium-and- Ammonium Sulphate . 

Hydrate. Sulphate. Chloride. Bromide. Acetate. 

Oleate. 
Manganese. — Black Oxide. 

Phosphate. Hypophosphite. 

Sulphate. Carbonate. 

Chloride. Iodide. 

Potassium Permanganate. 

Lactate. 
Iron. — Wire, filings, turnings. Powdered Iron. Reduced Iron. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 2 1 

Magnetic Oxide. Hepatite. Ferric Oxide. 

Ferric Hydrate with Magnesia. 

Ferric Hydrates. 

Saccharated Oxide. 

Nitrates; ferric and ferrous. 

Phosphates; ferrous, ferric, ferroso-ferric. Soluble Phosphate. Pyro. 
phosphate; precipitated and soluble. 

Hypophosphite. 

Ferrous Sulphate; Copperas, and pure Sulphate of Iron in large crystals, 
and Precipitated. Dried Ferrous Sulphate. 

Iron and Ammonium Sulphate. 

Solution of Normal Ferric Sulphate, or Tersulphate of Iron. 

Solution of Basic Ferric Sulphate or Subsulphate of Iron. (Monsel's 
Solution.) 

Powdered Subsulphate of Iron. (Monsel's Powder.; 

"Sub-carbonate of Iron." Saccharated Carbonate of Iron. Efferve- 
scent Carbonate of Iron. Vallet's Mass, etc. 

Ferrous Oxalate. 

Ferrous Arseniate. 

Ferric Chloride. Crystalline. Solutions. 

U. S. Pharmacopceial Solution of Chloride of Iron; British P., German 
P., French P., or Pravaz's Solutions. Martin's Haemostatic. Adrian's 
Haemostatic. Haemostatic Cotton. 

Tinctures; U. S. P., German, Swedish, Ethereal, etc. Flores Martiales. 

Ferrous Chloride. Crystals. Solutions. Syrup. 

Ferrous Iodide. Crystalline. Solution. Syrup. Pills. Saccharated. 

Ferrous Bromide. Solution. Syrup. 

Ferrocyanides. Sulphide. 

Dialysed Iron; Solution and Scales. 

Acetate. — Solution. Dry. Tinctures. Basham's Mixture. 

Valerianate. Succinate. 

Lactate. Lacto-phosphate. 

Iron and Potassium Tartrate. Globuli Martiales. Iron and Ammonium 
Tartrate. 

Citrate; Solution, Scales. Iron and Ammonium Citrate. Iron and 
Cinchonidine Citrate. Iron and Quinine Citrates, Official and Greenish; 
Solution. Iron and Strychnine Citrate. 

Malate. Extractum Ferri Pomatum and Tinctura Ferri Pomati. 

(Salicylate.) Benzoate. (Tannate.) 

Oleates; ferric and ferrous. 

Albuminate. 
Cobolt. —Nitrate. Chloride. 



2 2 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Nickel. — Sulphate. Chloride. 

Uranium. — Nitrate. Sulphate. Carbonate. Acetate. Chloride. 

Chromium. Sulphate. Chrome Alum. Chloride. Hydrate. 

Chromic Acid. Chromates and Bichromates 
Tin. — Foil. Powdered. — Chlorides; Solution. Oleate. 
Antimony. — Metal. Oxide. Antimonial Powder. 

Oxy chloride, 

Antimony and Potassium Tartrate. 

Chlorides. Solution. Butter of Antimony. 

Black Sulphide; crude, purified. 

Oxy-sulphuret, or Kermes Mineral. Sulphurated Antimony. Hepar 
Antimonii. Antimonic Sulphide. 
Arsenic. — Metal (Cobaltum). 

Oxides. Arsenious and Arsenic Acids. 

Solution of Arsenious Acid in Glycerin; in Water; in Water Acidified 
with Hydrochloric Acid. Valangin's Solution. 

Potassium Arsenite Solution. 

Sodium Arseniate; crystallized, dried, and fused. Solution. 

Chloride of Arsenic. Iodide of Arsenic. Iodides of Arsenic and Mer- 
cury. Solution. 

Sulphides. 

Ferrous Arseniate. 

Oleate of Arsenic. 
Bismuth. — Metal. Oxide. 

Acid Nitrate. Normal Nitrate. Subnitrate. Other Basic Nitrates. 
Glycerite of Nitrate of Bismuth. 

Subcarbonate. 

Oxy- chloride. Iodide. 

Valerianate. Lactate. 

Citrate. Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate. 

Salicylate. Tannate. 

Oleate. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 23 



PREPARATIONS MADE BY DRY PROCESSES. 



1. Simple Trituration. Black Sulphide of Mercury; Ammoniated 
Copper; Potassa cum Calce (Mercurous Iodide and Iodized Starch are tritu- 
rated in a moist state). 

2. Drying. Sodium Carbonate; Sodium Sulphate; Alum; Basic 
Ferric Sulphate; Ferrous Sulphate; Calcium Sulphate; Sodium Phosphate; 
Sodium Arseiiiate, etc. 

This process is also called "exsiccation," "desiccation," etc. The 
slow expulsion of water of crystallization at the ordinary temperature is 
called efflorescence. 

Decrepitation. 

Ordinary drying of salts. 

j>. Oxidation by heating in air or oxygen. Mercuric Oxide, Lead 
Oxide, Zinc Oxide and Magnesium Oxide from the respective metals. 
Barium Peroxide. Sulphurous Acid from burning sulphur. Phosphoric 
Anhydride by burning phosphorus. 

Oxide of Antimony from the black sulphide; Zinc Sulphate from sul- 
phide; Potassium Bichromate; Sodium Hyposulphite, etc. 

4. Dry Oxidation by the aid of Nitric Acid or Nitrates. Mercuric 
Oxide from Nitrate (Arseniate of Sodium); Potassium Antimoniate; Barium 
Oxide from the Nitrate; Hepar Antimonii; etc. 

J. Dry Oxidation by the aid of Black Oxide of Manganese. Potas 
sium Permanganate. 

6. Reduction by heat. Potassium Perchlorate from the Chlorate; Potas- 
sium and Sodium Nitrites. 

7. Reduction by Carbon. Metals from their oxides; Sodium Carbonate 
from Sodium Sulphate, Calcium Carbonate and Charcoal ; Barium Sulphide 
from Native Sulphate and Charcoal; Calcium Sulphide from Gypsum and 
Lampblack. 

8. Reduction by Hydrogen. Reduced Iron. 

Q. Reduction of Carbonates or* Oxalates to Oxides {Calcination). The 
Oxides of Barium, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Lead, Copper, etc., from the 
respective carbonates. Ferric Oxide from Ferrous Oxalate. 

10. Simple Mixture by Fusion. Diluted Nitrate of Silver; Fused 
Silver Nitrate; Silver Nitrate with Lead; Aluminated Copper, etc. 

11. Fusion accompan ed by chemical union or reaction. 



24 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Iodide of Sulphur; Iodide of Arsenic; Phosphide of Zinc. 

Sulphurated Potassa; Sulphurated Lime. 

Sodium Silicate and Potassium Silicate. 

12. Ignition and Fusion. Potassium Ferrocyanide; Potassium Cyanide; 
Potassium Sulpho-cyanate. 

ij. Ignition without Fusion. Potassium Carbonate from Potassium 
Bitartrate; Sodium Pyrophosphate, etc. 

14. Direct union by heat without Fusion. Carbon Bisulphide. 

75. Chemical reaction accompanied by Sublimation. Chlorides of Mer- 
cury; Ammonium Carbonate; Mercuric Iodide and Sulphide; Sulphides of 
Arsenic, etc. 

16. Purification by Sublimation. Iodine; Ammonium Carbonate; Am- 
monium Chloride; Arsenious Acid; Antimony Chloride, etc. 

77. Siinple Fusion for the expulsion of moisture, etc. Potassa, Soda, 
Calcium Chloride, Zinc Chloride, Sodium Valerianate, etc. 

18. Generation of Gases. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Nitrous Oxide, Sulphur - 
us Acid from Sulphur. 

PREPARATIONS MADE BY WET PROCESSES. 

The principal Wet Processes by which inorganic chemicals are prepared 
are: Chemical Solution, Neutralization and Saturation, etc.; Decomposition 
by Boiling; Wet Oxidation; Wet Reduction; Generation and Solution of 
Gases; Distillation; and the separation of Solids from Liquids by Precipita- 
tion, Evaporation, Crystallization, Washing, etc. 

CHEMICAL SOLUTION. 

The chemical solvents may be: Water, Acids, Solutions of Alkalies, Am- 
monia, Salts, Glycerin, Solution of Sugar, Albumen, etc. Chemical solution 
may also take place by chemical reaction between metals and the halogens 
in the presence of water, as in the preparation of ferrous iodide. Chemical 
solution by salts is illustrated by the solution of iodine or bromine in solu- 
tions of haloid salts, by the solution of certain compounds in citrates, tar- 
trates and borates, etc. Neutralization and saturation are common forms of 
chemical solution. 

The substances dissolved by chemical solution are usually solids; but 
may also be either liquids or gases. 

The formation of double-salts by solution may also be regarded in the 
light of chemical solution. 

Caustication and Hydration are other instances of solution accompanied 
by chemical action. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 25 

The preparation of Ammonium Sulphide by conducting H 2 S into Water 
of Ammonia is also chemical solution. 

The solution of Calcium Carbonate by means of carbonic acid, convert- 
ing it into Bicarbonate, is again chemicarsolution. 

Chemical solution in acids will also be referred to under Wet Oxidation 
by HNO3. 

I. CHEMICAL SOLUTION IN WATER. 

Hydration, as in diluting Concentrated Sulphuric Acid, or in dissolving 
caustic alkalis, lime, barium oxide. 

2. SOLUTION OF METALS BY ACIDS. 

a. Nitric Acid. Zinc, Lead, Cadmium, Copper, Silver, Mercury, Iron, 
Bismuth. 

b. Sulphuric Acid. Zinc, Cadmium, Copper, Silver, Mercury. 

c. Phosphoric Acid. Iron. 

d. Hydrochloric Acid_ Zinc, Iron, Tin. 

e. Nitrohydrochloric Acid. Gold. 

f. Acetic Acid. Lead, Copper, Iron. 

g. Citric, Tartaric and Malic Acids. Iron. 
See also "Wet Oxidation." 

3. SOLUTION OF OXIDES AND HYDRATES IN ACIDS. 

a. Nitric Acid. Lead, Mercury, Aluminium, Manganese, Iron. 

b. Sulphuric Acid. Mercury, Aluminium, Manganese, Iron. 

c. Sulphurous Acid. Calcium, Magnesium. 

d. Phosphoric Acid. Iron. 

e. Hydrochloric Acid. Aluminium, Manganese, Iron, Chromium. 

f. Hydriodic Acid. Arsenious Anhydride. 

g. Hydrocyanic Acid. Mercury. 

h. Acetic Acid. Lead, Aluminium, Iron. 

i. Citric and Tartaric Acids. Magnesium, Iron, Antimony. 

k. Salicylic Acid. Zinc. 

1. Oleic Acid. Zinc, Lead, Copper, Mercury, Bismuth. 

See also "Neutralization." etc. 

4. SOLUTION OF CARBONATES BY ACIDS. 

a. Nitric Acid. Barium, Calcium, Strontium, Magnesium, Lead, 
Zinc, Cerium, Manganese, Iron, Nickel. 

b. Sulphuric Acid. Magnesium, Zinc, Manganese, Iron, Nickel. 

c. Sulphurous Acid. Magnesium. 



26 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

d. Phosphoric Acid. Calcium, Iron. 

e. Hydrochloric Acid. Barium, Calcium, Strontium, Magnesium, Zinc, 
Manganese Iron. 

f. Hydriodic Acid. Barium, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Manganese, 
Iron. 

g. Hydrobromic Acid. Barium, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Cerium, 
h. Acetic Acid. Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Lead. 

i. Citric and Tartaric Acids. Magnesium, Iron. 

k. Lactic Acid. Zinc, Manganese. 

1. Valerianic Acid. Zinc. 

m. Sidpho-carbolic Acid. Barium. 

n. Tannic Acid. Manganese. 

See also "Neutralization," etc. 

5. SOLUTION OF SULPHIDES IN ACIDS. 

Sulphides of Barium, Zinc, Iron, Antimony. 

6. SOLUTION OF OTHER COMPOUNDS IN ACIDS. 

Phosphates of Calcium and Iron in Phosphoric, Hydrochloric, and 
Lactic Acids, etc. 

Preparation of Acid Phosphate of Calcium from Bone Ash. 

7. CHEMICAL SOLUTION BY ACID SALTS. 

Tartrates from Potassium Bitartrate, as in Golbuli Martiales, Tartrate of 
Iron and Potassium, etc. 

See also "Neutralization." 

8. CHEMICAL SOLUTION BY MEANS OF ALKALIS. 

a. Metals, as Zinc, Tin. 

b. Oxides and Hydrates, as Zinc, Aluminium, etc. 

c. Acids, as Arsenious, Oxalic, Boric, Silicic, Chromic, Citric, Tartaric, 
Malic, Benzoic, Succinic, Carbolic, Picric ; Salicylic and Santonic Acids. 

See also "Neutralization." 

d. Acid Salts, as Potassium Bitartrate. Sodium Bicarbonate, Bicar- 
bonate of Ammonium, etc. 

See also "Neutralization." 

e. Phosphorus and Sulphur, as in the preparation of Hypophosphites 
Sulphides, Hyposulphites. 

f. Sulphides, as in preparing Sulphides of Antimony, Schlippe's 
Salt, etc. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 27 

g. Chlorine, Iodine and Bromine, as in Chlorides and Chlorates, 
Iodides and Iodates, Bromides and Bromates: Hypochlorites. 

h. Other Compounds, as Bismuth Citrate, Silver Chloride, etc. 
(Ammoniacal Sulphate of Copper, Ammonio-Silver Nitrate, etc.) 

9. SOLUTION OF METALS WITH HALOGENS IN WATER. 

Iodides and Bromides of Iron, Zinc and Cadmium. 
10. Preparation of Hydriodic Acid from Iodine by means of 
Hydrosulphuric Acid. 

11. chemical solution by the aid of salts. 
Solution without formation of double salts. 

Citrates, Tartrates and Borates yield several soluble compounds. 

Scale preparations of iron, Dialysed Iron (?), Solution of Iodides of 
Arsenic and Mercury, Iron Chlorides with Alkali Citrates (?). Solutions of 
Iodine and Bromine in Haloid Salts. 

Formation of Double Salts. 

The several kinds of Alums, lodohydrargyrate of Potassium, Microcos- 
mic Salt, Tartrate of Antimony and Potassium, etc. 

12. boro-citrates, boro-glyceride, saccharates and albuminates. 



neutralization, saturation and other similar processes. 
(See also Chemical Solution by Acids, Alkalis and Acid Salts.) 

a. Acids Neutralized or Saturated by Oxides, Hydrates or Carbonates. 

Nitrates of Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Ammonium, Barium, Calcium, 
Strontium, Magnesium, Lead, Mercury, Aluminium, Iron, Nickel. 

Sulphates of Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Ammonium, Calcium, Magne- 
sium, Zinc, Aluminium, Manganese, Iron, Nickel. 

Sulphites of Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Ammonium, Calcium, 
Magnesium. 

Phosphates of Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Ammonium. 

Arsenites and Arseniates of Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Ammonium. 

Oxalates of Potacsium, Sodium, Lithium and Ammonium. 

Borates of Potassium, Sodium, Lithium and Ammonium. 

Chlorates of Potassium, Sodium and Ammonium. 

Chlorides of Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Ammonium, Barium, Calcium, 
Strontium, Magnesium, Zinc, Copper, Aluminium, Manganese, Iron. 



28 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Iodides of Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Ammonium, Barium, Calcium, 

Strontium, Magnesium, Zinc, Aluminium. 
Bromides of Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Ammonium, Barium, Calcium, 

Strontium, Magnesium, Zinc, Aluminium, Iron. 
Cyanides of Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Zinc, Mercury. 
Acetates of Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Ammonium, Calcium, Magne- 
sium, Zinc, Copper, Lead, Aluminium, Iron. 
Formiates of Sodium and Ammonium. 
Sulphovinate of Sodium. 

Citrates of Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Ammonium, Magnesium, Iron. 
Tartrates of Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Ammonium, Magnesium, Iron. 
Succinates of Potassium, Sodium, Ammonium. 
Lactates of Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Magnesium, Zinc, Iron. 
Valerianates of Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Ammonium, Magnesium 

Zinc. 
Benzoates of Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Ammonium, Calcium. 
Carbolates of Potassium, Sodium. 
Sulpho-carbolate of Barium. 
Picrates of Potassium, Sodium, Ammonium. 
Salicylates of Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Ammonium, Magnesium, 

Zinc, 
Santoninate of Sodium. 

b. Acid Salts Neutralized or Saturated by Oxides, Hydrates 
or Carbonates. 

Potassium and Sodium Tartrates, Rochelle Salt, Boro-tartrates, Boro- 
citrates, Chromates from Bichromates, Tartrate of Antimony and Potassium, 
c. Normal Salts converted into Acid Salts. 

Potassium Bisulphate from the Sulphate, Potassium Binoxalate from 
Oxalate, Bicarbonates from Carbonates. 

d. Basic Sa-lts converted into Normal or Acid Salts. 

Acetate of Lead and Copper. 

e. Normal Salts converted into Basic Salts. 

Subacetate of Lead. 

OLEATES. 

By Solution in cold or warm Oleic Acid. 

By Double Decomposition, in cold or by boiling. 

Saponification. Emplastrification. 

Alkali Soaps, hard and soft. Resin Soaps. 

Other Metallic Oleates. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE 29 

Oleates of Potassium, Sodium, Ammonium, (Calcium,) Aluminium, 
Zinc, Cadmium, Iron, Copper, Lead, Mercury, Silver, Tin, Arsenic, 
Bismuth. 

DECOMPOSITION BY BOILING. 

Potassium Carbonate from Bicarbonate, Calcium Iodide and Bromide. 
Barium Iodide and Bromide. Bismuth Oxide. Bismuth Citrate. Bismuth, 
Iodide. Oxalic Acid. Hypophosphites. Hyposulphites. Oxysulphuret of 
Calcium. 

See also " Wet Oxidation." 

WET OXIDATION. 

I. Oxidation by Nitric Acid. 

a. Metals. Zinc, Cadmium, .Silver, Copper, Lead, Mercury, Iron, Tin, 
Antimony, Bismuth. 

b. Phosphorus to Phosphoric Acid. 

c. Inorganic Compounds. Ferrous Salts, Arsenious Acid and Arsen- 
ites, etc. 

d. Organic Compounds. Cellulose, Lignin, Sugar Glycerin, etc, 
Oxidation by Nitrates. ■ See "Dry Oxidation/' 

2. Oxidation by Chlorine. 
Ferrous Salts to Ferric, Arsenious to Arsenic Acid, Ferrocyanide to 
Ferricyanide of Potassium, etc. 
Hypochlorites, Chlorates, etc. 

3. Other Illustratio7is of Wet Oxidation. 
Hypophosphites. In preparing Oxalic Acid from Sawdust with Alkalis 
(Oxalates of Sodium and Potassium being first formed). 

WET REDUCTION. 

a. By Afetals, as in reducing Ferric to Ferrous Chloride, etc. 

b. By Hydro sulphuric Acid, as in reducing Ferric to Ferrous Salts. 

GENERATION AND SOLUTION OF GASES. 

Nitric, Sulphuric, Sulphurous, Carbonic Acids. 
Nitrohydrochloric Acid. 

Hydrochloric, Hydriodic, Hydrobromic and Hydrocyanic Acids, from 
chlorides, iodides, bromides and cyanides. 
Hydrosulphuric Acid. 
Sulphide of Ammonium. 
Hydriodic Acid from Iodine by Hydrosulphuric Acid. 



3<D OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Sodium Sulpharsenate. 

Sulphites. 

Chlorine water. 

Hypochlorites. Potassium Ferricyanide. Arsenic Acid. 

Bicarbonates. 

Ammonia Solutions. 

Silver Cyanide. 

DISTILLATION. 

Nitric, Sulphuric, Hydrochloric, Hydriodic, Hydrobromic, Hydro- 
cyanic and 'Acetic Acids. 

PRECIPITATION. 

Numerous preparations are made by processes which result in the 
separation of solid substance from the liquid in which chemical reaction oc- 
curs, or by other methods of precipitation. 

Inmost cases the "precipitates" are the products, and the mother 
liquor is rejected If any valuable substances are contained in or can be 
prepared from the mother liquor, these are recovered as " by-products." 

In other cases the principal product is the liquid, and the precipitate is 
either rejected or recovered as a by-product, or secondary product. 

" Residues" are the substances remaining after chemical processes. 
These residues may or may not contain some valuable substances that can be 
profitably recovered. 

In exceptional instances of precipitation, neither the precipitate nor the 
mother liquor are rejected, as in Hydrated Oxide of Iron, and Hydrated 
Oxide of Iron with Magnesia. In making pill masses, containing ferrous 
sulphate with alkali carbonates the precipitated ferrous carbonate is not 
purified from the alkali sulphates. 

The precipitants may be either solids, liquids or gases. In the oxyda- 
tion of tin or of antimony by nitric acid the metal may be regarded as a pre- 
cipitant. In the preparation of antimony oxide from the oxychloride by 
treating it with sodium, the oxychloride may be considered as the precipitant. 
Insoluble precipitants are also used in bismuth oxide, citrate, lactate, tann- 
ate and iodide; in the preparation of Lithium and Barium Iodides and Bro- 
mides from Ferrous Bromide; Calcium Oxalate by boiling Sodium Oxalate 
with Calcium Hydrate, etc. 

The most common precipitants are water, acids, alkalis and ammonia, 
calcium hydrate, salts, hydro-sulphuric acid and non-solvent diluents. Pre- 
cipitation may also be effected by heat, by reduction of temperature, . by 
evaporation of the solvent, and by slow chemical changes under the influence 
of light, heat, exposure to air, etc. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 3 1 

Among the various chemical reactions and changes which cause preci- 
cipation may be mentioned: Double Decomposition, Splitting, Oxidation, 
Reduction, Substitution, the Neutralization of a Chemical Solvent, etc. 

Precipitation from Decomposition by Water is exemplified by: Bismuth 

Subnitrate, Oxychlorides of Antimony and Bismuth, Yellow Sulphate of 

Mercury, etc. 

Precipitation by Acids. 

Ferrous Oxalate, Sulphurated Antimony, Antimonic and Arsenic Sul- 
phides, Cerium Oxalate, Barium Sulphate (from sulphide by HC1), Precipit- 
ated Sulphur, Boric Acid (from Borax by HC1), Benzoic Acid (from Calcium 
Benzoate by HC1), Cyanide of Silver and Cyanide of Zinc (by HCy), Mer- 
curous Chloride (by HC1), etc. 

The Bicarbonate* of Potassium and Sodium are prepared from the 
normal carbonates by precipitation with Carbonic Acid. 

Precipitation by Alkalis on Ammonia is illustrated in the preparation of 
the Oxides or Hydrates of Zinc, Aluminium, Iron, Manganese, Chromium, 
Nickel, Copper, Lead, Mercury, Silver, Bismuth. 

Ammoniated Mercury. 

Precipitation by Calcium Hydrate is done in the caustication of Potassa 
and Soda. Also in making Calcium Oxalate from Sodium Oxalate. 

Precipitation by Hydro sulphuric Acid is shown in the use of H 2 S as a 
reagent for many of the metals. 

Pricipitation by adding 11071-solvent diluents. Potassium Carbonate; 
the Sulphates of Zinc, Iron, Nickel and Copper; and Tartrate of Antimony 
and Potassium; precipitated from their watery solutions by alcohol. 

(Saccharated Oxide of Iron.) 

Precipitation by neutralization of the Chemical Solvent. Phosphates of 
Potassium, Sodium and Ammonium from Acid Phosphate of Calcium. Phos- 
phates of Calcium and of Iron from their solutions in Hydrochloric Acid. 

Precipitation by Cooling the Hot Concentrated Solution. Oxysulphuret 
of Antimony. Numerous crystalline salts. 

Purification by precipitation is illustrated in converting crude Lithium 
Sulphate into Chloride by BaCl. 

Precipitation iri which the liquid is the principal product, and the pre- 
cipitate a by-product or rejected. Examples: Hydriodic Acid from Iodine 
by H 2 S; Hydrobromic Acid from KBr by Tartaric or Sulphuric Acid; Hydro- 
cyanic Acid from Silver Cyanide; Hypopliosphorous Acid from Calcium 
Hypophosphite by Oxalic Acid; Oxalic Acid from Calcium Oxalate, by boil- 
ing with H 2 S0 4 . 

Cerium Nitrate from Sulphate by Barium Nitrate; Cerium Sulphate 
from Native Silicate by H 2 S0 4 ; Potassium Chlorate from Calcium Chlorate; 
Sodium Chlorate from Potassium Chlorate by Sodium Bitartrate; the Hypo- 



32 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

phosphites of Potassium, Sodium and Ammonium; Aluminium Chloride; 
Iodides and Bromides of Potassium, Sodium, Ammonium, Calcium and 
Barium, from Ferrous Iodide or Bromide; Iodide of Cadmium and Manganese 
from the Sulphates, by KI; Bromide of Aluminium; Acetate of Sodium from 
Lead Acetate with Sodium Sulphate; Aluminium Acetate; Zinc Acetate from 
Zinc Sulphate by Lead Acetate; Sulpho-carbolates of Potassium, Sodium and 
Zinc; Sodium Nitro-prusside, etc. 

PREPARATIONS MADE BY PRECIPITATION. 

1. Elementary Bodies : Sulphur, Copper, Mercury, Arsenic, Antimony. 

2. Acids; Hypophosphorous, Oxalic, Boric, Chromic and Benzoic 
Acids, by decomposing their salts with stronger acids. 

Hydriodic, Hydrobromic and Hydrocyanic Acids, from certain Iodides, 
Bromides and cyanides. 

3. Oxides and Hydrates: Potassium, Sodium (caustication), Zinc, 
Lead, Coppe>", Silver, Mercury, Aluminium, Manganese, Iron, Chromium, 
Nickel, Tin. Antimony, Arsenic, Bismuth, Gold. 

4. Nitrates: Cerium Nitrate; Basic Nitrates of Mercury and Bismuth. 

5. Chlorates, lodates and Bro7nates: Potassium and Sodium. 

6. Sulphates: Of Potassium (Acid Sulphate), Barium, Calcium, 
Strontium, Zinc, Lead. Copper, Mercury (Basic), Cerium, Iron, Nickel. 

7. Phosphates: Potassium, Sodium and Ammonium Phosphates 
from Acid Phosphate of Calcium; Phosphates of Barium, Calcium, Strontium, 
Magnesium, Zinc, Manganese, Iron. 

Pyrophosphate of Iron. 

8. Hypophosphites : Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Ammonium, Man- 
ganese, Iron. 

9. Chromates : Lead. 

10. Ar senile: Copper. 

11. Arseniate; Iron. 

12. Carbonates : Potassium (by Alcohol), Lithium, Barium, Calcium, 
Strontium, Magnesium, Zinc Cerium, Lead, Copper, Mercury, Manganese, 
Iron, Bismuth. 

13. Oxalates: Barium, Calcium, Strontium, Cerium, Iron. 

14. Chlorides : Lithium, Lead, Mercurous, Silver, Aluminium, and the 
Oxychlorides of Antimony and Bismuth. 

Mercur-ammonium Chloride. 

15. Iodides: Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Ammonium, Barium, Cal- 
cium, and Cadmium (from Ferrous Iodide) Lead, Mercury, Silver, Man" 
ganese, Bismuth. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 33 

16. Bromides: Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Ammonium, Barium, 
Calcium, Cadmium and Aluminium (from Ferrous Bromide); Potassium 
Bromide from Calcium Bromide. 

17. Cyanides: Zinc, Silver. 

18. Ferrocyanides : Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Iron. 

19. Sulphides: Zinc, Copper, Lead, Silver, Mercury, Arrenic, Anti- 
mony. 

20. Acetates: Sodium, Zinc, Aluminium (Subacetate of Copper). 

21. Citrate: Bismuth. 

22. Tartrates: Potassium (Acid), Calcium; Tartrate of Antimony 
and Potassium (by Alcohol), Manganese. 

23. Succinates : Iron. 

24. Lactate: Bismuth. 

25. Valerianates : Zinc, Iron, Bismuth. 

26. Benzoate: Iron. 

27. Sulpho- carbonates : Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Zinc. 

28. Salicylate: Bismuth. 

29. 7 'annates : Lead, Iron, Bismuth. 

30. Uleates : Zinc, Lead, Silver, Mercury, Aluminium, Iron, Arsenic, 
Bismuth. 

31. Saccharaied Oxide of Iron. 

EVAPORATION OF SOLUTIONS. 

a. Crystallization. 

b. Granulation. 

c. To Dryness without granulating. 

d. To Solidification on Cooling (sometimes accompanied by Fusion). 

e. To a simply liquid, or a soft or tenacious mass. 

CRYSTALLIZATION. 
I. Dry Crystallization. 

a. In process of preparation of substances,. Ex. Mercuric Oxide 
when made on a large scale from mercury nitrate, and Plumbic Oxide when 
made by oxidation of the metal in air at a high heat. 

b. By fusion and cooling, as illustrated by several metals (iron, zinc, 
tin, antimony, bismuth, etc.), by iodide of Sulphur, Iodide of Arsenic, 
Iodide of Iron, Sulphide of Antimony, Sulphide of Mercury, Nitrate of 
Silver, Sulphur, etc. 

c. By Sublimation, as in Iodides, Chlorides and Sulphide of Mercury, 
Iodine, Arsenious Acid and the Sulphides of Arsenic, Antimony Chloride, 
Ammonium Carbonate, Ammonium Chloride, etc. 



34 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

2. Crystallizations from Aqueous Solutions. 

a. By spontaneous evaporation of the solvent. 

b. By evaporation of a dilute solution by heat to a certain degree of 
concentration, and then cooling. 

c. By making a hot concentrated solution and cooling it. 

d. By evaporation to dryness. 

e. By evaporation beyond the point of concentration requisite for 
crystallization, and leaving the evaporate exposed to a moist atmosphere 
from which it can absorb the additional quantity of water necessary, as in 
ferric chloride. 

f. By slow decomposition of the compound as formed through chemical 
decomposition. 

g. By precipitation through double decomposition or other chemical 
reaction. 

h. By precipitation through addition of a non-solvent, as in the prep- 
aration of Precipitated Sulphate of Iron, etc. 

3. Crystallizations from Solutions in Alcohol, Ether, Chloroform, Benzol 

and other solvents. 

Uses of Crystallization : 1. To obtain products of definite chemical 
composition. 2. To separate mixed substances from each other. 3. To 
purify substances. 4. To mix intimately such compounds as are isomor- 
phous. 5. To mix other soluble salts by solution together, and granulating 
them by evaporation to dryness and constant stirring. 

PHARMACOPCEIAL INORGANIC CHEMICALS OCCURING IN CRYSTALLIC OR 

CRYSTALLINE FORM. 

Potassium Salts. Nitrate, Chlorate, Sulphate, Sulphite, Hypophos- 

phite Bichro?nate, Permanganate, Chloride, Iokide, Bromide, Cyanide, 

Ferrocyanide, Acetate, Citrate, Tartrate, Bitartrate, Potassium and 

Sodium Tartrate. 
Sodium Salts. Nitrate, Chlorate, Iodate, Sulphate, Sulphite, Thiosul- 

phate, Phosphate, Hypophosphite, Pyrophosphate, Arseniate, Carbonate. 

Bicarbonate, Borate, Chloride, Iodide, Bromide, Acetate, Benzoate, 

Sulpho-carbonate, Salicylate, Santoninate. 
Lithium Salts — Bromide, Citrate, Benzoate, Salicylate. 
Ammonium Salts — Nitrate, Sulphate, Carbonate, Oxalate, Chloride, 

Iodide, Bromide, Acetate, Benzoate, Valerianate. 
Barium — Nitrate, Chloride. 

Calcium Salts — Hypophosphite, Chloride, Bromide. 
Magnesium — Sulphate, Sulphite, Chloride. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 35 

ZlNC Salts — Sulphate, Chloride, Iodide. Bromide, Acetate, Valerianate. 

Cadmium Salts — Sulphate, Iodide. 

Lead Salts — Nitrate, Iodide. Acetate, Subacetate . 

Copper Salts— Sulphate, Acetate. 

Silver Salts — Nitrate, Cyanide. 

Mercury Salts — Nitrates, Sulphate, Mercuric Chloride, Mercurous 
Chloride. Mercuric Iodide, Cyanide. 

Aluminium Salts — Sulphate, Alum, Ammonia Alum. 

Cerium Salts Nitrate. 

Iron Salts Sulphate, Oxalate, Chloride, Iodide, Iron and Ammonium 

Sulphate 

Manganese Salts — Sulphate. 

Cobolt Salts — Chloride. Nitrate. 

Nickel Salts — Sulphate. 

Gold and Sodium Chloride. 

Tin Salts — Chloride. 

Antimony Salts — Antimony aud Potassium Tartrate, 

Arsenic Salts — Iodide. 

Bismuth Salts — Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate. 

Acids — Oxalic, Boric, Chromic, Citric, Tartaric, Salicylic, Benzoic, Tan- 
nic and Gallic Acids. 

Scale Salts, 

Iron Preparations Citrate; Ammonio- Citrate; Citrate with Quinine, 

Cinchonidine or Strychnine; Ammonio-Tartrate; Potassio -Tartrate; Soluble 
Phosphate; Soluble Pyrophosphate; Soluble Hypophosphite; Albuminate 
Dialysed Iron. 

Other Scaled Preparations — Citrate of Bismuth and Ammonium; Albu- 
minated Santoninate of Sodium; Lithium Boro-citrate; (Glycyrrhizin). 

by-products. 

Salts recovered from mother-liquors after precipitations. 
Other by-products. 



36 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 



ORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY. 



Cellulose. 
(C 6 H I0 O s )n. 



Cell membranes. Walls of plant vessels. 

Cotton, linen, Swedish filter paper. 

Insoluble in ordinary solvents, but dissolved by an ammoniacal solution. 
of cupric oxide. 

Action of acids, strong and weaker, on cellulose. 

Action of alkalis. 

Amyloid. Parchment paper. Humus. 

Filter paper. 
LlGNXN. — C l8 H 24 Oio (Sachse). 

Woods. Woody roots. 

Wood pulp. 
Nitrates of Cellulose. 

Gun Cotton. =(Pyroxylin. ) — C I2 H I4 (N0 3 ) 6 O io . Insoluble in alcohol and 
ether. 

Collgxylin. — (Called Pyroxylin in the Pharmacopoeia. )= 
C i ,H I7 (n6 3 )30 I o+Ci 2 Hi6(N0 3 ) 4 Oio. 

Soluble in a mixture of alcohol and ether. Preparation. Properties. 

Collodions. Compound collodions. 

PRODUCTS OF DESTRUCTIVE DISTLLATION OF WOOD. 

Acetic Acid. — Manufacture. 

Official acetic acids. Commercial acetic acids, Pyroligneous acid. 
Acetic acid as a solvent. Medicinal vinegars. 
Acetone. 

Methyl A Icohol, or wood spirit. Methylated Spirit. 

Pyrolea=Tars : Pine tar ; light and heavy oil of tar ; birch tar ; oil of 
birch ; oil of cade ; juniper tar ; coal tar ; light and heavy oil of coal tar. 
Black Pitch. Coal tar pitch. 

Creasote. True. Distinction from carbolic acid. 
Wood Charcoals, 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 37 

STARCHES AND ALLIED SUBSTANCES. 

(C 6 H I0 5 )n. 

Occurrence in nature. 

Canna starch (Tous les ?>iois), potato starch, arrowroot, corn starch, 
wheat starch, rice starch. 

Rice, corn, barley, rye, oats, wheat, peas, beans, acorns, chestnuts, po- 
tatoes and sweet potatoes, sago, tapioca. 

Drugs containing considerable amounts of starch. 

Properties of starch : action of water at different temperatures ; action 
of alcohol ; of glycerin. "Soluble starch." Action of heat (160 C.) on 
dry starch ; action of strong and of weak acids ; action of alkalis ; chemical 
reactions. 

Malt, Malt extract. Diastase. Dextrin syrup. 
Dextrin. Production. Properties: Uses. 
(Glucose). 

Lichenin. Occurrence. Properties. Reactions. Iceland moss starch. 
Inulin. Properties. Reactions Occurrence : Inula, Taraxacum, Cichorium, 

Lappa, etc. 
Lcevulin (Synanthrose). In tubers of Compositse. 
Triticin in Triticum. 

GUMS AND MUCILAGES. 

(C 6 H I0 O 5 )n. 

How mucilage is formed in plants. How dissolved out. General prop 
erties. 

Arabin. Solubility. Varieties. Composition. Properties and reac- 
tions. Incompatibilities. Action of acids and alkalis. Action of heat. 

Acacia, Althaea mucilage, cerasin, mezquite gum, etc. 
Quince seed mucilage^ flax seed mucilage, sassafras mucilage, elm bark 
mucilage, hog gum, jujube berries, etc. Properties. 
Salep. Properties and uses. 

Bassorin. Composition. Properties. Action of water and of heat. Action 
of acids and of alkalis. 
Tragacanth. Properties and uses. 
{Dextrin). 
Officinal Mucilages. 

PECTIN. 

General properties. Occurrence. 

Fruit Jelly. Chondrus. Gracilaria. Cetraria. (Salep.) Lycoperdon 
Kino. Senega. 



38 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Pectization. How prevented. 

Modified pectin ; insoluble. Sediments in pharmacal preparations. 

Pharmacal Jellies. 



General properties. Many varieties. 
Saccharoses=C I2 H 22 T i. Glucoses=C 6 H I2 06. 

Cane-sugar, Saccharose, or Sucrose. 

Cane sugar. Beetroot sugar. Maple sugar. Sorghum sugar. 

On boiling with dilute sulphuric acid cane-sugar yields equal quantities 
of grape-sugar and fruit-sugar. This mixture called Invert Sugar, because it 
deviates the plane of polarization to the left. 

Manufacture. Commercial grades. Molasses. Sugar refining. 

Properties of pure cane-sugar. 

Solubility. 

Action of heat on sugar. Melted sugar. Barley sugar. Caramel. 

Action of acids. 

Influence of boiling on watery solution of sugar in presence of acids. 

Reaction with chlorates by percussion with red oxide of lead. 

Action of ferments. 

Calcium sucrates. Syrupus calcis. 

Ferric sucrate. Syrupus ferri oxydati saccharati solubilis. 

Syrups and other preparations containing sugar. 
Milk Sugar, or Lactose. 

Manufacture. Properties. Uses. " Triturationes. " " Abstracta." 
Melitose in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus mannifera). 
Melezitose from larch manna, 

Mycose, or Trehalose, from Ergot and in Trehala manna. 
Maltose from malt. 
Grape Sugar, or Dextrose. 

Occurs naturally in honey, raisins, etc. 

Starch sugar, or artificial glucose. Manufacture of glucose. Varieties. 
Uses. 

Properties. Reactions. 
Fruit Sugar, or Lasvulose. Occurrence. Properties. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 



39 



GLUCOSIDES, BITTER PRINCIPLES, COLORING MATTERS AND 
INDIFFERENT SUBSTANCES. 

Glucosides have been described as compound sugars. 
Tannins. 

Bitter principles. Extractive. 

Coloring matters ; mostly of resinous character, and frequently acid. 
Aromatic substances. 

Other indifferent substances and miscellaneous unclassed proximate 
principles. 



GLUCOSIDES, BITTER PRINCIPLES, TANNINS, COLORING MAT- 
TERS, AND UNCLASSED SUBSTANCES. 



Absinthin. 

Achillein. 

Acorin. 

Adansonin. 

Aesculin. 

Agaricin. 

Agrimonin ? 

Aleuron. 

Alizarin 

Aloin. 

Amygdalin. 

Amyrin. 

Anchusin. 

Anemonin. 

Anethol. 

Angelicin. 

Antiarin. 

Apiin. 

Apiol. 

Apocynin ? 

Aporetin. 

Arbutin. 

Arnicin. 

Asclepidin. 

ASPARAGIN. 

Baptisin ? 
Brasilin. 
Brein ? 
Breidin ? 



Bryonidin ? 

Bryonin ? 

Caffeo-tannic Acid. 

Calendulin. 

Calumbin. 

Cambogic Acid. 

Cantharidin. 

Capsicin. 

Carminic Acid. 

Carotin. 

Caryophyllin. 

Cascarillin. 

Catechin 

Catechu-tannic Acid. 

Cathartin. 

Celandin. 

Cetrarin. 

Chelidoxanthin. 

Chimaphilin. 

Chinoidin. 

Chlorophyll. 

Chrysarobin. 

Cinchona-red. 

Cinchotannic Acid. 

Cnicin. 

Colocynthin. 

Coniferin. 

Convallamarin. 

Convallarin. 



Convolvulin. 

Copalchin. 

Coriamyrtin. 

Cornin. 

Cotoin. 

Coumarin. 

Crocin. 

Cubebin. 

Cusparin. 

Cyclamin. 

Cynoglossin. 

Cumol. 

Cuminol. 

Curcumin. 

Daphnin. 

Digitalein, 

Digitalin. 

Digitoxin. 

Elaterin. 

Emodin. 

Emulsin. 

Ericolin. 

Erythrin. 

Erythrophyll. 

Erythroretin. 

Eugenin. 

Euonynim. 

Euphorbon. 

Filicic Acid. 



4o 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 



Frangulin. 

Fraxin. 

Gallotannic Acid. 

Gein. 

Gentianic Acid. 

Gentiopicrin. 

Gillenin. 

Glycyrrhetin. 

Glycyrrhizic Acid. 

hematoxylin. 

Helleborein. 

Helleboresin. 

Helleboretin. 

Helleborin. 

Hesperidin. 

Hurin. 

Hydrocotoin. 

Indican. 

Indigotin. 

Ipecacuanhic Acid. 

Kinoin. 

Kino-tannic Acid. 

KlNOVIN. 

Lactucerin. 

Lactucin. 

Lactucon. 

Leditannic Acid. 

Leucotin. 

Liriodendrin. 

Litmus. 

Loliin. 

Lactucopicrin. 



Magnolin. 

Menyanthin. 

Methysticin. 

Monesin. 

Moringo-tannic Acid. 

Myricin, 

Myronic Acid. 

Myrosin. 

Nucin. 

Orcein 

Orcin. 

Orseille. 

Panaquilon. 

Papain. 

Paracotoin. 

Parillin. 

Peucedanin. 

Phlorizin. 

Picrotoxin. 

Picropodophyllin. 

Phceoretin. 

Phytolaccin. 

Pinipicrin. 

Piperin. 

Piscidin. 

Podophyllotoxin. 

Populin. 

Purpurin. 

Pyrocatechin. 

Quassiin. 

Qucrcetin. 

Quercitannic Acid. 



quercitrin. 

Resorcin. 

Rhamnin. 

Rhamnocathartin. 

Rhamnotannic Acid. 

Rhamno-xanthin. 

Rheotannic Acid. 

Rhodeoretin. 

ROTTLERIN. 

Ruberythrinic Acid. 

Salicin. 

Saligenin. 

Santalic Acid. 

Santonin. 

Sapogenin. 

Saponin. 

Scammonin. 

Scillain. 

Scillitin. 

Scleromucin. 

Sclerotic Acid. 

Sikimin. 

Sinalbin. 

Smilacin 

Solanin. 

Tanacetin. 

Tannin. 

Taraxacin, 

Thujin. 

Umbelliferon 

Ursone. 

Vanillin. 



THE MORE IMPORTANT ORGANIC ACIDS. 

General review. Relation to alcohols and to ethers. 

Volatile Fatty Acids. 

Formic acid, HCHO2. Formiates. 

Acetic acid, HC 2 H 3 2 . Acetates. 

Valeric acid, HC S H90 2 . Valerates. 

True Fatty Acids. 

a. General formula, CnH 2 n0 2 

Palmitic acid, HCi6H 3r O^. Palmitates, 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 41 

Stearic acid, HC l8 H 35 2 . Stearates. 

b. General formula, CnH 2 n — 2 2 . 

Oleic acid, HG l8 H 33 2 . Oleates. 

3. Lactic acid, HC3H5O3. Lactates. 

Oxalic Acid Series. 

Oxalic acid, H 2 C 2 4 . Oxalates. 

Succinic acid, H 2 C 4 H 4 4 . Succinates. 

Malic acid, H 2 C 4 H 4 5 . Malates. 

Tartaric acid. H 2 C 4 H 4 6 . Tartrates. 

Citric acid, H 3 C 6 H 5 7 . Citrates. 

Aromatic Acids. 

Phenol, C 6 H 5 HO. (Carbolic acid.) 

Sulpho-carbolic acid, HC 6 H S S0 4 . Sulpbo carbolates. 

Picric acid, HC 6 H 2 (NO a ) 3 0. Picrates. 

Salicylic acid, HC 7 H 5 3 . Salicylates. 

Cresylic acid. 

Benzoic acid, HC 7 H 5 2 . Benzoates. 

Cinnaraic acid, HC 9 H 8 2 Cinnamates. 

Tannic acid, C T4 H I0 9 with C 27 H 22 O r7 . Tannates. 

Gallic acid, HC 7 H 5 5 H 2 0. 

Pyrogallic acid. 

Meconic acid, H 3 C 7 H0 7 . 

Kinic acid, HC 7 H„06 

Other organic acids. 

ETHYL, ALCOHOL AND ITS PRODUCTS. 



Production of alcohol. 

Official alcohol, diluted alcohol and absolute alcohol. 

Properties. Reactions Uses. 

Whisky, brandy, gin, arrack, rum. 

Wines : Sherry, Malaga, Port, claret, Champagne, Rhine wines, domes 
tic wines. 

Sweet and dry wines, acid wines, sparkling wines. 

Ale, beer, koumys. 

EtJ^er. Production. Properties. 

Stronger ether, water-washed ether. 

Preservation. Uses. 

Spiritus ^Etheris. 
Ethereal Oil of Wine. Heavy oil of wine; light oil of wine. 

Spiritus aetheris compositus. 



42 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 



Sulpkovinic Acid. Sulphovinate of sodium. 
Nitrous Ether. Production. Properties. 

Spirit of Nitrous Ether. Production. Properties 
Acetic Ether. Working process. Properties. Uses. 
Hydrobromic Ether. 

Chloral. Production. Properties. Preservation. 
Chloral camphor. 
Chloroform. Working processes. 

Spiritus Chloroformi. 
Iodoform. Working processes, 
odorization. Uses. 
Bromoform. 
Spiritus Formicarum. 
Aldehyde. 
Paraldehyde. 

AMYL ALCOHOL AND DERIVATIVES. 



Preservation. Uses. 



Crystals ; crusts. 



Properties. Preservation. Uses. 
Properties. Crystals and powder. De- 



Production. Properties. Uses. 
Amy I Nitrite. 
Valerianic Acid. 

Methyl Alcohol. (See p. 36.) 
Butyl Alcohol. Butyric acid. 

(volatile oil of horse-radish). 
Artificial Fruit Essences. 

Acetate and Valerate of Amyl, Butyrate, Oenanthylate, Pelargonate, 
Suberate, and Sebacate of Ethyl. 



Methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen.) 
Butyl chloral. Sulpho-cyanate of Butyl 



FIXED OILS. 



Mostly compound ethers of the tritenyl (glyceryl or propenyl) series. 
Called glycerides. 

Fatty acids of the general formula CnH 2 n0 2 : (Butyric), Stearic and Pal- 
mitic Acid. Animal fats. 

Fatty acids of the general formula CnH 2 n — 2 2 . Oleic Acid. Pure 
vegetable oils are nearly pure olein, or oleate of glyceryl. 
General properties of fixed oils. 

Solid fats. Palmitin, stearin (and margarin), 

Fluid fats. Olein. (Elaidin). 

Animal and vegetable fats. 

Non-drying oils. Drying oils, 

Waxes : Beeswax ; Myrtle Wax ; Carnanba Wax ; Japanese Wax : 
(Ozokerite). 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 43 

Oleates — Soaps — Hard and Soft ; Animal Soap; Castile Soap; toilet 
soaps ; plasters ; liniments ; emulsions made with alkalis. 

Olive oil; almond oil; cotton seed oil ; benne oil; fixed oil of mus- 
tard ; peanut oil ; walnut oil ; sun flower oil ; hemp oil ; linseed oil. 

Castor oil ; croton oil. 

Cacao butter; fixed oil of nutmeg; palm oil; cocoa nut oil; Chaulmoogra 
oil ; Kokum butter. 

Lard ; suet ; tallow ; neatsfoot oil. 

Cod liver oil ; sperm oil; dugong oil; eulachon oil; whale oil; seal 
oil. 

Spermaceti 

Glycerin. 

Glycerin is the triatomic alcohol of tritenyl (glyceryl or propenyl) A 
constituent of fats. Obtained as a by-product in manufacturing soaps, etc. 
Now made by direct decomposition of fats by superheated steam. Proper- 
ties. Uses. Solvent properties. Boroglycerides. 

Nitroglycerin. Dynamite. 

Paraffins. 

Petroleum and its products : 

Naphtha or gasolene. 

Rhigolene. 

Petroleum-benzin, or "benzoline." 

Coal oil ; kerosene, or photogene. 

Paraffin oil, or spindle oil. 

Paraffin jelly ; soft paraffinoids ; Petrolatum. 

Paraffin wax, or white paraffin, soft and hard. 

Bitumen, or common asphaltum. 

Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Benzene Series. 
Coal tar products : 
Benzene, or benzol. 

Nitrobenzene, or oil of mirbane. Aniline. 
Naphthalene — 

a. Napthalene -sulphuric acid ; a naphthol. 

b. Napthalene-sulphuric acid ; b naphthol. 
Anthracene. 

Quinone ; hydroquinone ; toluene ; xylene ; cumene ; cymene. 

volatille oils. 

Physical Properties . Volatile, odorous liquids, producing, when dropped 

on paper, a greasy-looking stain, which, however, disappears by evaporation. 

Readily soluble in absolute alcohol, ether, chloroform, petroleum benzin 



44 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

benzol, carbon bisulphide and fixed oils. Generally soluble, and many free- 
ly so, in alcohol of 80 per cent, strength. Slightly soluble in water. 

Colors : Yellow, blue, brown, green. 

Specific gravity : Hydrocarbons generally lighter than oxygenated vola- 
tile oils. 

Volatile oils lighter than water. 

Volatile oils heavier than water. 
Chemical prope?'ties : Classification based on chemical composition. Hydro- 
Carbons of the terpene series (C IO H l6 ). Oxygenated volatile oils. Sulphur- 
ated volatile oils. Volatile oils containing hydrocyanic acid. Volatile oils 
produced rapidly by chemical reactions in presence of water. 

Alcohols, aldehyds and ethers. 

Artificial volatile oils. 

In no sense " oils." 

Compound volatile oils, or volatile oils consisting of several distinct 
compounds, differing in volatility, solubility, odor, etc. 

Elaeoptens and stearoptens. Camphors. 

Oxidation and resinification of volatile oils. 

Reaction on litmus paper neutral as a rule ; sometimes acid. 

Occurrence in plants and drugs. What plant parts contain volatile oils 
Proportion. 

Medicinal properties. 

Production : Expression, distillation, enjieurage. 

Zeste. Otto, or attar. Pommades. Huiles antiques. Perfumers' " ex- 
tracts. " 

Quality. Perfume appears to depend upon diffusion and oxidation. 
Oxygenated volatile oils generally more odorous than the non-oxygenated, 
and the odor of oxygenated volatile oils is generally proportionate to the per- 
centage of oxygen they contain. Preservation. Adulterations. 

Drugs dependent upon volatile oils for their medicinal properties. 

Aromatic waters and spirits. 
List of Important Volatile Oils. 

1. Terpenes=C 10 H l6 (general formula CnH 2 n — 4) : The volatile oils 
of turpentine (from species of pinus and abies), juniper, savin, red cedar 
hemlock spruce, fir, amber, lavender and lavender flowers, rosemary, sweet 
and bitter orange, lemon, bergamot, citron, neroli, cajuput, pepper, cubeb, 
copaiba, sage, (galbanum). 

2. Oxygenaied Volatile Oils. The volatile oils of the fruits of the um- 
belliferae, as anise, caraway, cumin, fennel, dill, parsley ; of the flowers of 
the composite, as chamomile, erigeron, tansy ; of most of the labiatae, as 
peppermint, spearmint, monarda, hedeoma, origanum, thymus ; of lauraceae, 
as cassia and cinnamon, sassafras ; the volatile oils of star anise, rose gerani- 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE 45 

urn, rue, cloves, allspice, valerian, gaultheria, chenopodium, nutmeg, santal, 
cardamom, calamus. 

3. Volatile Oils containing Hydrocyanic Acid {Nitrogenated Volatile 
Oils): The volatile oils of bitter almonds, peach and cherry seeds, etc. 

4. Sulphurated Volatile Oils : 

The volatile oils of the cruciferas, as armoracia, cochlearia, sinapis ; 
volatile oil of asafetida ; volatile oil of garlic. 

CAMPHORS. 

Common camphor. Properties. Preparations. Monobromated cam- 
phor. 

Borneol. Cedar camphor. Patchouli camphor. 

Thymol. Menthol. 

RESINS. 

Properties : Solids — generally amorphous, and, when fused, of glassy 
fracture ; non-volatile ; readily combustible ; burning with sooty flame ; in- 
soluble in water ; generally soluble in one or more of the following solvents : 
alcohol, ether, benzin, benzol, chloroform, carbon bisulphide, volatile oils, 
fixed oils. Some resins, called "resin-acids," are soluble in solutions of 
alkalis, yielding so-called " resin-soaps." 

Occurrence. Excretion. Extraction 

Formation from volatile oils. (Oleo-resin. ) 

The resins are generally mixtures of two or more resinous compounds 
(as volatile oils aremixed substances). 

Chemical composition. Contain no nitrogen. Frequently exhibit weak 
acid properties. 

Resins free from benzoic and cinnamic acids. Balsamic resins. 

Uses of resins. Separation, purification, bleaching. Varnishes. 

Drugs containing notable quantities of resins. Medicinal properties. 
Assaying of resinous drugs. 

Officinal resins. Preparation. 

So called " resinoids." Preparation. Character. 
List of Important Resins. 

Acaroid. Copal. (Olibanum). 

Aloes Resin. Cubeb. Pine Resin. 

Amber. Dammar. Pitch, Black. 

Anime. Draco. Podophyllum Resin. 

Asphalt. (Euphorbium). Sandarac. 

Benzoin. Guaiac. Scammony Resin. 

Burgundy Pitch. Jalap Resin. Spruce Resin. 

Canada Pitch. Lacca. 

Copaiba. Mastic. 

Caoutchonc. Gutta-percha. Rubber. 

Drugs containing caoutchouc. 



46 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

OLEORESINS. 

Definition. Properties. 

/. Oleoresins not balsamic. American turpentine. Canada turpentine. 
Venice turpentine. European common turpentine. Strassburg turpentine. 
Chian turpentine. Elemi. Anime. Copaiba. Gurjun balsam. 

2. Balsamic Oleoresins. Perubalsam. (Tolu). Storax, liquid. 
Liquidambar. 

j. Empyreuniatic Oleoresins (Pyrolea). Birch tar. Pine tar. Juniper 
tar. Oil of Cade. Oil of Tobacco. Officinal oleoresins. Preparation. 

GUM-RESINS. 

Definition. Occurrence. Properties. Partial solubility in water and 
in alcohol. 

Emulsions of gum resins. 

Frequently associated with volatile oils. 

Important Gu?n- Resins. 
Ammoniac. Euphorbium. Olibanum. 

Antiaris. Galbanum. Opopanax. 

Asafetida. Gamboge. Sagapenum. 

Bdellium. Myrrh. Scammony. 

ALKALOIDS. 

General properties. Derivation of the term "alkaloid." The nitrogen. 

Natural alkaloids. Artificial alkaloids. 

Vegetable alkaloids. Alkaloids of animal origin. Ptomaines. 

Medicinal properties. 

Nomenclature of alkaloids and their salts. 

Amines: Monamines, diamines, triamines. Volatile. Ternary com- 
position. Odorous. 

Lobeline, nicotine, coniine, sophorine, hygrine, sparteine, trimethy- 
lamine. 

Amides: Non-volatile. Quaternary composition. Inodorous. Cin- 
chona alkaloids. Opium alkaloids. Strychnine and brucine. Alkaloids of 
the solanaceae. Other alkaloids. 

Extraction of alkaloids from drugs. 

Detection of alkaloids by various tests. 

Separation of alkaloids from each other. Identification. Color reac- 
tions. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 



47 



Alphabetical List of Alkaloids. 



Aconelline. 

Aconitine. 

Akazgine. 

Alstonine. 

Aniline. 

Antipyrine. 

Apomorphine. 

Aspidospermine. 

Atropine. 

Beeberine. 

Belladonnine. 

Berberine. 

Boldine. 

Brucine. 

Buxine. 

Caffeine. 

Calabarine, 

Chelerythrine. 

Chelidonme. 

Chinoline. 

Cinchonidine. 

Cinchonine. 

Cocaine. 

Codeine. 

Colchicine. 

Conhydrine. 

Coniine. 

Cop tine. 

Corydaline, 

Cryptopine. 

Cupreine. 

Curarine. 



Cytisine. 

(Daturine.) 

Delphinine. 

Dit amine. 

Duboisine. 

Emetine. 

(Ergotinine.) 

Ery throphloeine. 

Geissospermine. 

Gelsemine. 

Glaucine. 

Glaucopicrine. 

Guaranine. 

Homatropine. 

Homoquinine. 

Hydrastine. 

Hygrine. 

Hyoscine. 

Hyoscyamine. 

Igasurine. 

Jervine. 

Kairine. 

Lanthopine. 

Laudanine. 

Laudanosine. 

Lobeline. 

Lupinine. 

Menispermine. 

Methylamine. 

Morphine. 

Muscarine. 

Narceine. 



Narcotine. 

Nicotine. 

Opianine. 

Oxyacanthine. 

Papaverine. 

Papaverosine. 

Pelletierine. 

Physostigmine. 

Piperidine. 

Piturine. 

Propylamine. 

Protopine. 

Quebracchine. 

Quinamine. 

Quinidine. 

Quinine. 

Rhoeadine. 

Sanguinarine. 

Sophorine. 

Sparteine. 

Staphisaine. 

Strychnine. 

Thalline. 

Thebaine. 

The in e. 

Theobromine. 

Trimethylamine. 

Veratrine. 

Veratroidine. 

Xanthopuccine. 



CYANOGEN COMPOUNDS. 

Hydrocyanic Acid. 

Cyanides. Cyanates. Ferro-cyanides. Ferri-cyanides. Sulpho- 
cyanates. 

Volatile Oil of Bitter Almond. 

Reaction between emulsin (synaptase) and amygdalin. 

Drugs developing hydrocyanic acid when moistened. 



48 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Acrid sulphurated volatile oils produced by fermentation from sinaibin, 
sinigrin, etc., as in mustard, horseradish, etc. 

ALBUMINOID SUBSTANCES. 

Serum Albumin. 

Egg Albumin. Vitellin. 

Fibrin. Casein. 

Legumin. Emulsin or Synaptase. Vegetable albumin. 

Putrefaction. 

GELATINOID SUBSTANCES. 

Gelatin. Isinglass. Glue. 
(Pectin.) 

FERMENTS. 

Animal ferments. 

Pepsin: Varieties; Properties; Preparations. 

Peptone. Peptonized food. 

Pancreatin. Properties. Preparations. 

Ptyalin. Isolation. Properties. 

Vegetable Ferments: Papain; Emulsin; Myrosin; Diastase. 

Fermentative Processes. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 49 



ORGANIC DRUGS AND THEIR IMPORTANT 
CONSTITUENTS. 



Absinthium, Herba Absinthin and Volatile Oil. 

Acacia, Gummi. . . .Arabin. 

Aconitum, Folia Aconitine. 

Aconitum, Tuber Aconitine, (and Starch). 

Adiantum, Frondus Mucilage. 

Actaea, Radix. . , Acrid substance. 

Adansonia. Cortex „ . Mucilage. 

Agaricus albus, Fungus Acrid resin. 

Agaricus muscaria, Fungus Muscarine. 

Agrimonia, Herba Tannin 5 % 

Ailanthus, Cortex Ailanthic acid. 

Akazga, Cortex Akazgine. 

Aletris, Rhizoma Bitter principle, (and Starch). 

Alisma, Folia Volatile Oil and Acrid Resin. 

Alkanna, Radicis Cortex Anchusin. 

Alkekengi, Fructus Physalin. 

Allium, Bulbus Acrid Volatile Oil. 

Alnus rubra, C ortex Tannin 4% 

Alnus serrulata, Cortex Tannin, 4% 

Aloe, Succus inspissatus Aloin. 

Alstonia constricta, Cortex Ditamine, Echitamine and Echitenine. 

Amygdala amara, Semen. Fixed Oil, 45% ; Amygdalin,2% ; Synaptase; Sugar. 

Amygdala dulcis, Semen Fixed Oil, 50% ; Synaptase, Sugar. 

Althaea, Radix Mucilage, (Starch) and Asparagin. 

Ammoniacum. Gummi-resina Volatile Oil; Resin. 

Anacardium, Fructus Fixed Oil; Cardol; Anacardic acid. 

Andira, Cortex Berberine (Jamaicine); Surinamine; Tannin. 

Anemopsis, Radix Volatile Oil. 

Anethum, Fructus Volatile Oil, 3 % . 

Angelica, Radix Volatile Oil; Angelicin; Angelicic Acid. 

Angelica, Fructus. Volatile Oil. 

Angustura, Cortex Angusturine; Cusparin; Resin; Volatile Oil. 

Anisum, Fructus Volatile Oil. 



50 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Anthemis, Flores Volatile Oil; Resin 

Antiaris, Gummi-resina Antiarin. 

Apium, Fructus Volatile Oil. 

Apocynum, Radix Apocynin (Resin), and Apocyneine. 

Aralise, Radices Araliin, Volatile Oil and Resin. 

Araroba Chrysarobin. 

Areca, Semen. Fixed Oil; Tannin, 15 %. 

Argemone, Folia et Capita Morphine, Sanguinarine? 

Argemone, Semen Fixed Oil. 

Armoracia, Radix Recens Acrid Volatile Oil (CSN,C3Hs). 

Arnica, Flores Arnicin? and Resins, and Volatile Oil. 

Arnica, Radix Arnicin?, Resins, Volatile Oil, (Inulin). 

Arnotta Orellin, Bixin. 

Artemisia Abrotanum, Herba Volatile Oil, Bitter principle. 

Artemisia vulgaris, Radix Oleoresin. 

Arum, Tuber Acrid principle. 

Asafetida, Gummi-resina Volatile Oil and Resin. 

Asarum, Radix , . .Volatile Oil and Resin. 

Asclepias, Radix ? 

Asparagus, Turiones Asparagin. 

Aspidium, Rhizoma Felicic Acid, Oleoresin, Fixed Oil. 

A .-, n { Aspidospermine; Quebrachine; Aspidospermatine; 

Aspidosperma, Cortex.. -{ A F ., r . ^ v , , . K , r , 

r k ' ( Aspidosamine; Hypoquebrachine;Quebrachamme # 

Aurantium, Fructus immaturus Volatile Oil and Hesperidin. 

Aurantium, Fructus Cortex. Volatile Oil and Hesperidin, 

Aurantium, Folia Volatile Oil and Bitter principle. 

Aurantium, Flores Volatile Oil. 

Avena, Semen Starch, Gluten and Fixed Oil. 

Azedarach, Cortex Bitter principle, Margosin? and Resin. 

Baptisia, Radix Alkaloid? 

Bela, Fructus Mucilage, Pectin . 

Belladonna, Folia Atropine; Hyoscy amine; Belladonnine. 

Belladonna, Radix Atropine; Belladonnine; Hyoscy amine. 

Benzoin, Resina Balsamica Benzoic Acid; Volatile Oil; Vanillin. 

Berberis Oregonensis, Radix Berberine; Oxyacanthine. 

Berberis vulgaris, Radicis Cortex Berberine; Oxyacanthine. 

Bistorta, Rhizoma Tannin. 20 f » 

Blatta Antihydropin. 

Boldus. Folia ... .Boldine; Volatile Oil; Resin. 

Borago, Herba Mucilage. 

Brayera, Flores Kossin; Volatile Oil, (Tannin, 24 %). 

Bryonia, Radix recens Bryonin. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 51 

Buchu, Folia Volatile Oil, (Mucilage). 

Buxus, Folia Buxine. 

Caflfea, Semen Caffeine, Volatile Oil; Caffeo-tannic Acid. 

Cahinca, Radix Cahincic Acid. 

Calamus, Rhizoma Volatile Oil; Acorin. 

Calendula? Flores Volatile Oil, (coloring matter). 

Calendula? Herba, Volatile Oil; bitter principle. 

Calumba, Radix. . .Calumbin, Calumbic Acid, (Resin. Starch, Pectin, Gum). 

Cambogia, Gummi-resina Cambogic Acid. 

Canella, Cortex „ Volatile Oil; Pungent Resin. 

Cannabis Indica, Summitates Volatile Oil and Resin. 

Cantharis Cantharidin. 

Capsicum, Fructus Capsaicin; Volatile Oil; Resin. 

Cardamomum, Semen Volatile Oil 4j^%. 

Carduus Benedictus, Herba Cnicin. 

Carota, Semen Volatile Oil. 

Carota, Radix .Carotin. 

Carthamus, Flores C arthamin. 

Carum, Fructus Volatile Oil. 

Caryophyllus, Flores \ Vola ' ile 0il; Eugenin, Caryophyllin; Resin: 

J r J J lannm, (Gum). 

Cascarilla, Cortex Volatile Oil; Cascarillin; Resin. 

Cassia Fistula, Fructus pulpa Fruit acids; Sugar. 

Castanea, Folia Tannin (Mucilage). 

Castoreum Volatile Oil; Resin; Salicin; Castorin, etc. 

Catalpa, Cortex Bitter principle. 

Cataria, Herba ■. Volatile Oil; Bitter principle; Tannin. 

Catechu Catechu-tannic Acid, Catechin, etc. 

Caulophyllum, Rhizoma Saponin, Resins, etc. 

Ceanothus, Radix Tannin. 

Ceanothus, Folia Tannin, 9%. 

Cephalanthus, Cortex Bitter principle, resin, etc. 

Cetraria Lichenin, Cetrarin. 

Chelidonium, Herba Xhelidonine, Chelerythrine. 

Chelone, Herba Bitter principle. 

Chenopodium, Fructus Volatile Oil. 

Chia, Semen Mucilage. 

Chimaphila, Folia Arbutin, Chimaphilin, Tannin 4%. 

China, Rhizoma Smilacin, Resin, (Starch). 

Chionanthus, Radicis Cortex ? 

Chirata, Herba Ophelic Acid, Chiratin. 

Chondrus, Alga Pectin. 



52 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Cichorium, Radix Inulin 36% 

Cicuta, Herba Cicutine. 

C icuta, Radix Cicutoxin. 

Cimicifuga, Radix Acrid principle. 

( Quinine, Quinidine, Cinchonine, Cinchonidine, Quina- 
Cinchona, Cortex. . J mine, Paricine, etc.; Cincho-tannic Acid, Kinic 

( Acid, Kinovin, Cinchona-red. 

Cinnamomum, Cortex Volatile Oil, Cinnamic Acid. 

P 1 tt t ^ Picrotoxin and Anarnirtin, (Fixed Oil). Menispermine 

' ' " "J and Paramenispermine in the pericarp. 

Coccus. Carminic Acid. 

Cochleara, Herba Acrid Volatile Oil. 

Colchicum, Cormus Colchicine (Starch). 

Colchicum, Semen Colchicine, (Fixed Oil). 

Collinsonia, Radix ? 

Colocynthis, Fructus Pulpa Colocynthin. 

Comptonia. Folia Saponin, Volatile Oil, Resin, Tannin. 

Condurango, Cortex Resin, Bitter principle. 

Conium, Folia .Coniine, Conhydrine. 

Conium, Fructus .Coniine, Conhydrine, (Fixed Oil), Volatile Oil). 

Convallaria, Rhizoma. . .• Convallamarin, Convallarin. 

Copaiba, Oleo-resina Volatile Oil, Copaivic Acid, (Resin). 

Coptis Teeta, Rhizoma Berberine &kfc. 

Coptis trifolia, Herba Berberine, Coptine. 

Coriandrum, Semen Volatile Oil, (Fixed Oil). 

Coriaria, Folia Cerianyrtin 

Cornus, Radicis Cortex Cornin, Resin, Tannin. 

Corydalis, Tuber Corydaline, Acrid resin, etc. 

Coto, Cortex Cotoin, Volatile Oil, Tannin, Piperonylic Acid. 

Cotula, Herba. . . Anthemidic Acid. 

Crocus, Stigmata Crocin, Volatile Oil. 

Cubeba, Fructus Volatile Oil, Cubebic Acid (Resin), Cubebin. 

Cucumis, Fructus 

Cucumis, Semen Fixed Oil. 

Cuminum, Fructus Volatile Oil. 

Cuprea, Cortex Quinine, Quinidine, Cinchonine, Homoquinine. 

. Curare Curarine. 

Curcuma, Rhizoma Volatile Oil, Resin, Curcumin. 

Cydonium, Semen Mucilage. 

Cynanchum, Radix Vincetoxin. 

Cynoglossum, Radix Cynoglossine. 

Cypripedium, Radix Volatile Oil, Resin. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE 53 

Damiana. Folia Volatile Oil and Resin. 

Delphinium, Semen Delpbinine, (Fixed Oil). 

Digitalis, Folia Digitoxin; Digitalin; Digitalein. 

Dioscorea, Radix Acrid resin. 

Diospyros, Fructus Tannin; Malic Acid. 

Dipterix, Semen Coumarin, (Fixed Oil, Sugar), etc, 

Dipterocarpi, Balsamum Volatile Oil, Resin, Gurjunic Acid. 

Dita, Cortex Ditamine; Ditain, etc. 

Draco, Resina Benzoic and Cinnamic Acids. 

Dracontium, Radix Acrid principle; Resin. 

Drosera, Herba Acrid Resin; a peculiar acid. 

Duboisia, Folia Duboisine (Hyoscy amine) and Piturine. 

Dulcamara, Stipites Dulcamarin, etc. 

Elaterium Elaterin. 

Elemi, Resina Volatile Oil; Brein; Breidin; Elemic Acid. 

Epigsea, Herba Arbutin; Ursone; Tannin 33%. 

Ergota, Sclerotium. , Sclerotic Acid; Scleromucin; etc. 

Erigeron, Herba Volatile Oil. 

Eriodictyon, Folia Volatile Oil; Resin. 

Erythrophloeum, Cortex Erythrophlneine. 

Ery throxylon, Folia Cocaine ; Hygrine. 

Eucalyptus, Folia Volatile Oil ; Resin. 

Euonymus, Cortex Bitter principle; Resin; (Asparagin.) 

Eupatorium perfoliatum, Herba Bitter principle; Volatile Oil. 

Eupatorium atropurpureum Radix Volatile Oil; Resin. 

Euphorbia, Radix Acrid Resin. 

Ficus, Fructus , Sugar 60% ; Gum, etc. 

Foeniculum, Semen Volatile Oil. 

Foenum Grsecum, Semen . Mucilage ; Starch. 

Frangula, Cortex Frangulin (Rhamnoxanthin); Emodin. 

Frankenia, Herba ? 

Frasera, Radix Gentiopicrin. 

Fucus vesiculosus, Alga Mucilage; Bitter substance. 

Galanga, Rhizoma Volatile Oil; Acrid Resin. 

Galbanum, Gummi-Resina Volatile Oil; Resin. 

Galla Tannin; Gallic Acid. 

Gaultheria, Folia Volatile Oil; Tannin; Arbutin, Ursone and Ericolin. 

Gelsemium, Radix Gelsemine; Volatile Oil; Resin > 

Gentiana, Radix Gentiopicrin; Gentisic Acid; (Pectin; Sugar.) 

Geranium, Radix Tannin 15%; (Starch, Pectin,) etc. 



54 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Geum, Rhizoma Volatile Oil; Tannin 3%, etc. 

Gillenia, Radix Gillenin (Bitter), etc. 

Glechoma, Herba , Volatile Oil; Resin; Acrid principle, 

p, ,. ^ j. j Glycyrrhizic Acid(Glycyrrhizin); Acrid Resin; (Starch. 

y Y l ' j" Asparagin; Albumen). 

Gnaphalium, Herba Volatile Oil and Bitter principle. 

Gossypium, Radix Resin (Coloring Matter), etc. 

Granati Fructus Cortex Tannin 25%, (Gum), etc. 

r- ,• -o j- • /- 1 Punicine Pelletierine, Isopelletierine, Methyl-pel- 

Granati Radicis Cortex 5- , .. . ^ , n '. . r T • ,>. c \ 

j letierme, Pseudopelletierine; lannm, (Gum; Sugar). 

Gratiola, Herba Gratiolin; Gratiosolin. 

Grindelia, Herba Resin; Volatile Oil; Bitter principle. 

Guaiaci Lignum Resin, about 25^. 

Guarana. .Guaranine (Caffeine?), about 4%; Tannin; Saponin; Volatile Oil. 

Hsematoxylon, Lignum Hematoxylin; Tannin. 

Hamamelis, Folia Tannin; Bitter principle. 

Hamamelis, Cortex Tannin 8%. 

Hedeoma, Herba Volatile Oil. 

Helenium, Herba Acid principle; Bitter extractive. 

Helianthemum, Herba Tannin; Bitter principle. 

Helleborus, Radix Helleborin; Helleborein; Resin. 

Helonias, Rhizoma. Chamaelirin, (Pectin), etc. 

Hemidesmus, Radix. ... Tannin, (Starch) 

Hepatica, Folia Tannin, (Mucilage). 

Heracleum, Herba Volatile Oil; Resin; Acrid principle. 

Heuchera, Radix Tannin, about 20%. 

Hibiscus, Fructus et Folia Mucilage. 

Hippocastanum, Cortex . . ./Esculin; Fraxin; Tannin. 

Hordeum, Semen .Starch; Fixed Oil; Gluten. 

Humulus, Strobili Tannin, 4% ; Volatile Oil; Resin; Lupuline. 

Hura, Succus Hurin; and an oily, volatile, acrid principle. 

Hydrangea, Radix ? 

Hydrastis, Radix Berberine; Hydrastine; Xantho-puccine. 

Hydrocotyle, Herba Vellarin. 

Hyoscy amus, Folia Hyoscy amine; Hyoscine; Hyoscypicrin. 

Hyoscy amus, Semen Hyoscy amine, (Fixed Oil). 

Hyssopus, Herba Volatile Oil. 

Ignatia, Semen Strychnine; Brucine, (Albumen). 

Ilex, Folia Caffeine, (Tannin). 

Illicium, Fructus Volatile Oil ; Resin. 

Imperatoria, Radix Peucedanin; Volatile Oil. 

Inula, Radix Acrid Resin; Helenin; Inulin. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 55 

t 1- t> j- \ Emetine (Ipecacuanhic Acid); Starch; Pectin;trace 

Ipecacuanha, Radix , Vola L£ on _ 



of Volatile Oil. 

Iris Florentina, Rhizoma Volatile Oil; Acrid Resin (Starch). 

Iris versicolor, Rhizoma Acrid Resin; Volatile Oil (Starch). 

Jalapa, Tuber Resin, about 15 c / c (chiefly convolvulin); (Starch), etc. 

Juglans, Cortex Tannin ; Nucin. 

Juniperus, Fructus Volatile Oil; Resin; Sugar 30%. 

Juniperus Virginiana, Ramuli Volatile Oil; Resin. 

Kalmia, Folia Arbutin; Tannin; Acrid principle. 

Kamala, Glandulse Resin 80% ; (Rottlerin), etc. 

Kino, Succusinspis S atus} Ki ( n p °™ c Acid; ( Colori »S Matter ); (Kinoin); 
Krameria, Radix Kramerio-tannic Acid; (Coloring Matter). 

Labdanum, Resina ■ Resin; Volatile Oil. 

Laburnum, Semen Cytisine. 

Lactuca, Herba See Lactucarium 

Lactucarium. . . . Lactucin; Lactucic Acid; Lactucopicrin; (Lactucerin 50%). 

Lappae Fructus Lappine; Resin. 

Lappge Radix. Resin ; Inulin. 

Laricis Cortex Larixinic Acid; peculiar Tannin. 

T -r- t I Substance related to amygdalin, together with emus- 

Laurocerasus, rolia. . >■ ,. . -, -, -u^ i 1 u 1 i 

' \ hn; yields HCy and benzaldenyd. 

Lauri Folia Volatile Oil; Bitter principle. 

Lauri Fructus Fixed Oil; Volatile Oil; Resin. 

Lavandula, Flores Volatile Oil. 

T , -c, 7 . } Ledi- tannic Acid; Ericolin; Valerianic Acid; Volatile Oil; 

Ledum, Folia r -d • 

Leonurus, Herba Volatile Oil; Bitter principle. 

■r 1 t> y ( Leptandrin?; Saponin; Volatile alkaloid?; Volatile Oil; 

p ncra, a ix j- ^ esm 

Levistici Fructus Volatile Oil. 

Levistici Radix Volatile Oil; Resin; (Gum; Sugar). 

Liatris, Folia Coumarin. 

Liatris Radix Volatile Oil; Resin. 

Ligustrum, Herba Tannin; Ligustrin; Ligustron, etc. 

Limonis Cortex Volatile Oil; Hesperidin?. 

Linaria, Herba Acrid principle; Resin. 

Linderse Cortex Resin; Volatile Oil (Tannin). 

Linderse Fructus Volatile Oil, Resin. 

Linum, Semen Fixed Oil; Mucilage. 

Liquidambar Cinnamic Acid; Volatile Oil; Styracin; Resin. 

Liriodendron, Cortex Liriodendrin. 



56 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Litmus Several coloring matters. 

Lobeliae Herba Lobeline; Lobelacrin; Lobelic Acid. 

Lobelioe, Semen Lobeline; Lobelacrin; Lobelic Acid; (Fixed Oil). 

Lolium, Semen Acrid Fixed Oil; Acrid Glucoside (Loliin.) 

Lupulinum Volatile Oil; Resin; Lupamaric Acid. 

Lycoperdon Amylaceous Matter; Pectin, etc. 

Lycopodium Fixed Oil, about 47 % . 

Lycopus, Herba Volatile Oil; Resin; Bitter principle. 

Macis. Arillus , „ Volatile Oil, 9 % ; (Fixed Oil). 

Magnolia, Cortex Magnolin; Volatile Oil; Resin; Tannin. 

Majorana, Herba Volatile Oil. 

Malva, Herba s Mucilage. 

Mangostana, Fructus Pericarpus Tannin, Mangostin. 

Manna Mannit; Glucose; Gum ; Acrid Resin; Fraxin. 

Manzanita, Folia Arbutin; Ursone, Ericolin, Tannin. 

Marrubium, Herba Bitter extractive. 

-» T . -p. ,. [Volatile Oil; Soft pungent Resin; Arthantic Acid; 

Matico, folia J- Tannin. 

Matricaria, Herba Volatile Oil; Bitter principle; Tannin. 

Maidis Semen , ... .Starch; Gluten; Fixed Oil. 

Maidis Stigmata Gum, Sugar, etc. 

Mel Melitose; Leevulose; Glucose. 

Melilotus., Flores Coumann. 

Melissa, Herba Volatile Oil; Bitter Extractive. 

Menispermum, R.adix Berberine. 

Menthce, Herbre Volatile Oil. 

Menyanthes, Folia Menyanthin; Acrid principle. 

Methysticum, Radix Volatile Oil; Acrid Resin; Methysticin. 

Mezereum, Cortex Acrid Resin; Volatile Oil; Daphnin. 

Micromeria. Herba Volatile Oil. 

Mikania, Herba Volatile Oil. 

Mitchella, Herba ? 

Monesia Monesin ; Tannin, 50 % • 

Moschus Bitter Resin, Fat. 

Myrica, Cortex Volatile Oil; Acrid Resin. 

Myristica, Semen Volatile Oil; Fixed Oil; (Starch). 

Myrrha, Gummi-Resina Volatile Oil; Resin. 

Nectandra, Cortex Beberine (or Buxine). 

Nux vomica, Semen Strychnine; Brucine; (Fixed Oil; Albumen.) 

Oenothera, Herba . . .Acrid principle; (Gum). 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE 57 

Olibanum, Gummi-Resina Volatile Oil; Resin. 

Morphine, Codeine, Narcotine, Narceine, Pseudomorphine, The- 

baine, Papaverine, Rhoeadine, Cryptopine, Oxynarcotine, 
Opium > Gnoscopine, Lanthopine, Meconidine, Laudanine, Codamine, 

Laudanosine, Protopine, Hydrocotarnine. Meconic Acid. Me- 

conin, Meconoiosin.) 

Origanum, Herba Volatile Oil. 

Oryza, Semen Starch. 

Pseonia, Radix ? 

Panax, Radix Panaquilon; Resin. 

.~ . -r. I Morphine, Narcotine, Narceine, 

Papavens Fructus J- c ^ deine> Papaverosine; p apav erine. 

Papaveris Semen Fixed Oil. 

Papaya, Succus , Papain. 

T, . r . ) Paracotoin, Leucotin, Oxyieucotin, Hydrocotoin, Got 011- 

faracoto, Cortex J- ^ Piperonylic Acid 

Pareira, Radix Buxine ; Resin. 

Parthenium, Herba Volatile Oil; Bitter principle. 

Passiflora, Radix ? 

Pepo, Semen , Fixed Oil. 

Persio Coloring matters 

-r, , , ) Cinnamein, Benzalcohol, Benzoic and Cinnamic Acids. 

Perubalsamum y rT> . . ' ' 

\ (Resin). 

Petroselini Fructus Volatile Oil; Fixed Oil; Apiol. 

Petroselini Radix Apiin; Volatile Oil; (Starch; Gum.) 

Phalaris Semen Starch; Gluten; Fat. 

Phellandrii Semen Volatile Oil; Resin. 

Phoradendron Viscin; Resin; (Fixed Oil); Tannin. 

Physostigma, Semen Physostigmine; Calabarine; (Starch; Albumen.) 

Phy tolaccse Fructus Acrid principle. 

Phytolacca? Radix Acrid principle. 

Pichurim, Semen Volatile Oil; (Fixed Oil; Starch). 

Pilocarpus, Folia Pilocarpine; Volatile Oil. 

Pimenta, Fructus Volatile Oil; Resin. 

Pimpinella, Radix Volatile Oil; Acrid Resin. 

Piper, Fructus Volatile Oil; Acrid Resin; Piperin. 

Piscidia, Cortex Piscidin, etc. 

-n , , ,, t> j i Resin, containing Podophyllotoxin and 

Podophyllum, Radix ^ Picropodophyllin. (Starch). 

Polygala, Radix Polygalamarin. 

Polygonatum, Radix , Convallamarin ? 

Polymnia, Radix Acrid Resin. 

Polypodium, Radix Sweet Gulcoside (Glycyrrhizic Acid). 



58 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Populus, Cortex Populin; Phlorizin; Tannin 

Populi Gemmae Volatile Oil; Resin. 

Potentilla, Herba Bitter principle; Tannin. 

Primula, Radix Acrid principle; Volatile Oil. 

Prinos, Cortex . . . .Resin; Bitter principle; Tannin. 

Prunus Virciniana Cortex i Tannin '> Amygdalin; Synaptase; Bitter prin- 
s ' ) ciple, etc. Yields HCy when moistened. 

Prunum Fructus Sugar; Malic Acid. 

Psoralea, Radix ... .Resin; Volatile Oil; Bitter principle. 

Ptelea, Cortex Berberine; Acrid Resin; Volatile Oil; Tannin. 

Pulsatilla, Herba Acrid principle, Volatile. 

Pyrethrum, Radix Volatile Oil; Acid resin. 

Quassia, Lignum Quassiin. 

Quercus, Cortex- .Tannin; Bitter principle. 

Quillaia, Cortex Saponin ; Resin. 

Resina (Colophonium) Abietic anhydrid. 

Rhamnus catharticus, Fructus Rhamnocathartin. 

Rhamnus Purshiana, Cortex Resins. (Chrysophanic Acid). 

■p, -p ,. (Chrysophan; Chrysophanic Acid; Phaeoretin; Aporetin; 

Kneum, Kaaix j- Erythroretin; Emodin; Rheo-tannic Acid (Starch). 

Rhododendron, Folia Tannin; Volatile Oil. Resin. (Ericolin). 

Rhoeas, Petala Rhoeadine; Rhoeadic Acid; Papaveric Acid. 

Rhus aromatica, Radicis Cortex Volatile Oil; Resin; Tannin. 

Rhus glabra, Fructus Tannin. 

Rhus Toxicodendron, Folia Toxicodendric Acid. (Tannin). 

Ricinus, Semen Fixed Oil; Acrid principle. 

Robinia, Flores Robinin (yielding quercetin). 

Robinia, Radix Robinic Acid, (asparagin?) 

Rosa Gallica, Petala. . .Quercitrin; Tannin? Volatile Oil. (Coloring matter). 

Rosa centifolia, Petala Volatile Oil. 

Rosmarinus, Folia Volatile Oil; Tannin; Resin; Bitter principle. 

Rubus, spec, van, Radicis Cortex Tannin, 10 %. 

-d u- t> a- \ Alizarin, Ruberythrinic Acid; Rubitannic and Rubichloric 
Rubia, Radix >■ A -j t> • r> w ^ *. 

' J Acids; rurpurm; Rubiretm, etc. 

Rumex crispus, Radix As Rhubarb, but more astringent. 

Ruta, Herba Volatile Oil; Rutinic Acid; Quercetin. 

Sabadilla, Semen Veratrine; Veratric Acid; Fixed Oil, 

Sabbatia, Herba Bitter principle; Erythrocentaurin. 

Sabina, Ramuli Volatile Oil (Resin; Tannin). 

Salep, Tuber Mucilage (or Pectin?) with Starch. 

Salix, Cortex Salicin; Populin (Benzoyl-Salicin); Tannin. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 59 

Salvia, Folia Volatile Oil; Tannin. 

Sambucus, Flores Volatile Oil; Acrid Resin. 

Sambucus, Medulla Mucilage. 

Sanguinatia, Radix Sanguinarine. 

Sanicula, Radix Volatile Oil; Acrid Resin. 

Santalum citrinum, Lignum Volatile Oil. 

Santalum rubrum, Lignum Santalic Acid. 

Santonica, Flores Santonic Acid (or Santonin); Volatile Oil; Resin. 

Saoria, Fructus Volatile Oil ; Acrid principle. 

Saponaria, Radix Saponin ; Resin. 

Sarracenia, Herba Sarracenine and other alkaloids. 

Sarsaparilla, Radix. .. .Smilacin (Parillin); Saponin; Resin. (Starch; Gum.) 

Sassafras, Cortex Volatile Oil. 

Sassafras, Medulla Mucilage. 

Scammonium, Radix Resin (Scammonin). 

Scammonium, Resina cruda Scammonin (Pararhodeoretin, or Jalapin). 

Scilla, Bulbus Scillipicrin: Scillitoxin; Scillin; Gum. 

Scoparius, Summitates Sparteine. Scoparin. 

Scutellaria, Herba Bitter principle; Volatile Oil. 

Secale cereale, Semen Starch; Gluten; Fixed Oil. 

Senecio, Herba Bitter and Acrid principles. 

Senega, Radix Senegin (Saponin?); (Fixed Oil. Pectin?). 

o F T i Cathartic Acid; Chrysophanic Acid? (Acrid principle or Sen- 

\ nacrol?); Bitter principle (Sennapicrin?); (Mucilage.) 

Serpentaria, Radix Volatile Oil; Resin; Bitter principle (aristolochin). 

Simaruba, Cortex Quassiin; Volatile Oil; Resin. 

c . 1U c | Myrosin and Sinalbin, giving rise to Acrid Volatile 

bmapis alba, Semen | ^l. Fixed Oil. 

Sinapis nigra, Semen } ^J?^? oT^' givfag "** '° "** VolatUe 

Solidago, Herba Volatile Oil. 

Sophora sericea, Herba Sophorine? 

Sophora speciosa, Semen Sophorine. 

Sorbus, Fructus , . . .Fruit Acids 

Spigelia, Radix Volatile Oil; Bitter principle; Spigeline?. 

Spilanthes, Herba Volatile Oil; Resin; Spilanthin. 

Spiraeas variae, Herbae. . . / » Volatile Oil; Salicylous Acid, etc. 

Staphisagria, Semen | D gP i n i e nine I f ix ^ , d el on in0idine; Del P Msine; Sta P hisa " 

Statice, Radix Tannin, about 15 %. 

Stillingia, Radix Resin . (Starch, Tannin). 

Stramonium, Folia I Atr °F ne and ^T™^, (together constituting 
) what was lormerly called daturine;) (Albumen). 



6o OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

.a ) Atropine and Hyoscyamine (see Stramonii Folia) 

Stramonium, Semen V ( Fl r xed oil.) 

Struthium, Radix Saponin. 

Styrax, Balsamum Styrol; Cinnamic Acid; Styracin; Resin, etc. 

Succinum Succinic Acid. 

Sumbul, Radix Volatile Oil; Resin; Angelicic and Valerianic Acids 

Symphytum, Radix Mucilage; Asparagin, etc. 

Tabacum, Folia Nicotine, 2 to 10% ; Nicotianin; Resin; (Albumen). 

Tamarindus, Fructuus Pulpa Fruit Acids; Sugar; Pectin. 

Tanacetum, Flores Volatile Oil; Tanacetin. 

Tapioca , , Starch. 

Taraxacum, Radix Taraxacin; Taraxacerin; Inulin. 

Taraxacum, Radicis Succus Taraxacin; Taraxacerin. 

Taxus, Folia Taxine; Milossin; Volatile Oil. 

Teucrium, Herba Volatile Oil; Bitter principle. 

Thapsia, Radix Resin. 

Thea, Folia Theine; Volatile Oil; (Tannin). 

Theobroma, Semen Theobromine, Fixed Oil; (Albumen.) 

Terebinthina (Pinis Oleoresina) Volatile Oil; Resin. 

Thuja, Ramuli. Volatile Oil; Resin; Thujin. 

Tiglium, Semen Fixed Oil; Resin; Acrid principle. 

Tilia, Flores Volatile Oil. 

Tolubalsamnm Cinnamic and Benzoic Acids, and Tolene. 

t* ±•^^ -o j- ) Tannin, from 17 to 30 %; Coloring Matter; Kinovic 

Tormentilla, Radix J- a -a 

Tragacantha, Gummi Bassorin. 

Trillium, Radix Volatile Oil; Resin; Acrid principle. 

Triosteum, Radix Bitter principle. 

Triticum vulgare, Semen. . Starch; Gluten; Fixed Oil. 

Triticum repens, Rhizoma. Sugars; Triticin. 

Tussilago. Herba Bitter principle; Mucilage. 

Ulmus, Cortex Mucilage. 

Ustilago Sclerotic Acid? (Fixed Oil); etc. 

Uva Ursi, Folia Arbutin; Urson; Ericolin; Tannin. 

Valeriana, Radix Volatile Oil; Valerianic Acid. 

Vanilla, Fructus Vanillin; (Fixed Oil; Resin; Gum.) 

Veratrum viride, Radix \ J™^ ^eudojervine; Rubijervine; Veratral- 
' j bine. Jervic Acid. \ eratramann. 

Verbascum, Flores Mucilage; Volatile Oil: (Coloring matter). 

Verbascum, Folia Mucilage. 

Vettiveria, Radix Volatile Oil; Resin. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 6 I 

,,., t r» * i Viburnin; Valerianic Acid; Pungent Resin; 

Viburnum opulus, Cortex r ^ • - 

r ' j I annin. 

Viburnum prunifolium, Cortex. .Viburnin; Valerianic Acid; Resin; Tannin. 

Viola odorata, Radix Violin. 

Viola tricolor, Herba .Violin?; Salicylic Acid? (Coloring Matter), etc. 

Wintera, Cortex Volatile Oil; Pungent Resin; Tannin. 

Xanthorrhiza, Radix Berberine. 

Xanthoxylum, Cortex .Acrid Oleoresin; Xanthoxylin; Berberine. 

Xanthoxylum, Fructus.. Volatile Oil; Xanthoxylin. 

Zedoaria, Radix Volatile Oil; Pungent Resin; (Starch). 

Zingiber, Radix . e c .Volatile Oil; Pungent Resin; (Starch). 



62 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 



PHARMACAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE PROXIMATE 
PRINCIPLES OF DRUGS. 

I — SUBSTANCES MEDICINALLY INERT, OR NEARLY SO: 

a. Insoluble in all ordinary solvents — Cellulose and Lignin. 

\ Starches. 
Gums and Mucilages. 



b. Extractable by treatment 
with various solvents 



Pectin. 

Sugars. 

Albuminous matters. 

Fixed Oils. 

Coloring matters. 

Caoutchouc and Gutta-percha. 



2 — SUBSTANCES GENERALLY POSSESSING 
EXTRACTABLE: 



MEDICINAL PROPERTIES- 



Volatile Oils and Camphors. 

Resins, Oleoresins and Balsams. Gum-Resins. 

Acids. 

Glucosides and other neutral principles. 

Alkaloids. 



DRUGS CONTAINING A LARGE PROPORTION OF WOODY FIBRE, OR CONSIST- 
ING CHIEFLY OF CELLULOSE OR LIGNIN: 

Woods, as Quassia, Haematoxylon, Santalum Rubrum, Guaiac Wood, etc. 
Woody Roots, Berberis Oregonensis, Gelsemium, Glycyrrhiza, Krameria, 
Pareira, etc. 

DRUGS CONTAINING AMYLACEOUS SUBSTANCES: 

Many fleshy roots, tubers, and corms, and the seeds. As illustrations 
may be mentioned: 
Agaricus, Albus. 
Aletris. 
Althaea. 
Avena. 
Calumba. 

Cetraria (cetrarin). 
China. 
Curcuma. 
Fcenum Graecum. 



Geranium. 

Glycyrrhiza. 

Hordeum. 

Inula (inulin). 

Jalapa. 

Iris. 

Lycoperdon. 

Mays. 

Myristica. 

Oryza. 



Phalaris. 
Sarsaparilla. 
Secale cereale. 
Tapioca. 
Taraxacum (inulin). 

Triticum vulgare. 

Zedoaria. 

Zingiber. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 



63 



DRUGS CONTAINING MUCILAGINOUS MATTERS: 



Acacia. 


Cydonium. 


Senna. 


Adiantum. 


Fcenum Groecum. 


Symphytum. 


Althaea. 


Hibiscus. 


Tragacantha. 


Bela. 


Linum. 


Tussilago. 


Borago, 


Malva. 


Ulmus. 


Buchu. 


Phoradendron. 


Verbascum. 


Castanea. 


Sambuci Medulla. 


All Gum-Resins, 



Chia. 



Sassafras Medulla. 



DRUGS CONTAINING PECTOUS MATTERS. 

Fruits, as apples, pears, quinces, raspberries, etc. 
Chondrus, Gracilaria, Cetraria, Kino, etc. 
See also p. 37. 

DRUGS CONTAINING CONSIDERABLE QUANTITIES OF SUGARS. 

Amygdala, Cassia Fistula, Ficus, Glycyrrhiza (Giycyrrhizic Acid), Juni- 
perus, Manna, Mel, Maltum, Prunum, Tamarindus, Triticum repens. 

DRUGS CONTAINING ALBUMINOID SUBSTANCES: 

Vegetable albumin contained in leguminous and many other seeds, and 
also in other plant parts, as leaves, etc. 



DRUGS CONTAINING FIXED OILS. 



Amygdala. 

Anacardium. 

Areca. 

Aspidium. 

Blatta. 

Caffea. 

Cantharis. 

Cocculus. 

Colchici Semen. 

Colocynthidis 

Semen. 
Cucumis. 
Ergota. 



Fcenum Groecum. 
Gossypii, Semen. 
Gynocardia. 
Ignatia. 
Juglans. 
Linum. 

Lobeliae Semen. 
Lycopodium. 
Mays. 
Myristica. 
Nux Vomica. 
Papaveris Semen. 



Pepo. 

Phalaris. 

Physostigma. 

Pichurim, 

Ricini Semen. 

Sabadilla. 

Staphisagria. 

Stillingia. 

Stramonii Semen. 

Theobroma. 

Tiglii Semen. 

Ustilago. 



DRUGS CONTAINING MUCH COLORING MATTER. 

Alkanna, Arnotta, Calendula, Carotae. Radix, Carthamus, Catechu, 
Cochineal, Crocus, Curcuma, Draco, Gamboge, Haematoxylon, Kino, Kra- 
meria, Litmus, Madder, Rheum, Rhoeas, Rosa Gallica, Sanguinaria, San- 
talum rubrum. 



6 4 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 



Chlorophyll, Erythrophyll, Xanthophyll. Sap Green, Indigo, Orseille. 

DRUGS CONTAINING CAOUTCHOUC OR SIMILAR SUBSTANCES 

Lactucarium and some other juices of plants. 

DRUGS CONTAINING VOLATILE OILS. 



Absinthium. 


Coriandrum. 


Matricaria. 


Achillea. 


Cubeba. 


Melissa. 


Ammoniacum. 


Cuminum. 


Mentha. 


Amygdala amara. 




Micromeria. 


Anemopsis. 


Erigeron. 


Mikania. 


Anethum. 


Eucalyptus. 


Myrica. 


Angelica. 


Eupatorium. 


Myristica. 


Anisum. 






Anthemis. 


Foeniculum. 


Origanum. 


Apium 






Armoracia. 


Galbanum. 


Petroselini Fructus, 


Artemisia. 


Gaultheria. 


Petroselini Radix. 


Asafetida. 


Gnaphalium. 


Phellandrium. 


Asarum. 




Pilocarpus. 


Aurantii Cortex. 


Hedeoma. 


Pimenta. 


Aurantii Flores. 


Hyssopus. 




Aurantii Folia. 




Rosa. 


Aurantii Fructus 


Illicium. 


Rosmarinus. 


Immaturi. 


Iris Florentina. 


Ruta. 


Boldus. 


Juniperus. 


Sabina. 


Buchu. 


Juniperus Virginiana. 


Salvia. 
Sambucus. 


Calamus. 


(Laurocerasus). 


Santalum citrinurm 


Canella. 


Lauri Baccae. 


Santonica. 


Cardamomum. 


Lauri Folia. 


Sassafras. 


Carota. 


Lavandula. 


(Sinapis alba.) 


Carum. 


Ledum. 


(Sinapis nigra.) 


Caryophyllus. 


Leonurus. 


Solidago. 


Cascarilla. 


Levistici Fructus. 




Cataria. 


Limonis Cortex. 


Tabacum. 


Chenopodium. 


Linderae Fructus. 


Tanacetum. 


Cinnamomum. 


Lycopus. 


Thuja. 


Civetta. 




Thymus. 


Cochlearia. 


Macis. 


Tilia. 


Copaiba. 


Marrubium. 


Valeriana. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 
DRUGS CONTAINING VOLATILE OILS AND RESINS TOGETHER. 

Myrrha. 



65 



Ammoniacum. 

Angustura. 

Araliae. 

Arnica. 

Asafetida. 

Asarum. 

Aspidium. 

Canella. 

Cannabis Indica. 

Cascarilla. 

Copaiba. 

Cubeba. 

Cypripedium. 

Damiana. 

Eriodictyon. 



Galanga. 
Galbanum. 
Geum. 
Grindelia. 

Humulus. 

Imperatoria. 
Iris versicolor. 

Levistici Radix. 
Linderse Cortex. 
Lupulinum. 

Matico. 
Methysticum. 
Mezereum. 
Myrica. 



Olibanum. 

Pimpinella. 

Piper. 

Pyrethrum. 

Rhus aromatica. 

Serpentaria. 
Sumbul. 

Wintera. 

Xanthoxylum. 

Zedoaria. 

Zingiber. 



DRT T GS CONTAINING RESINS. 



Actaea. 

Agaricus Albus. 
(Aloe). 
Apocyna. 
Asclepiades. 

Baptisia. 

Cambogia. 

Cannabis Indica. 

Castanea. 

Caulophyllum, 

Cimicifuga. 

Collmsonia? 

Copaiba. 

Dioscorea. 
Drosera. 



Elaterium. 
Eucalyptus. 
Euonymus. 
Euphorbia? . 

Gossypii Radix. 
Guaiaci Lignum. 

Jalapa. 
Juglans. 

Kamala. 

Lappae Fructus. 

Leptandra. 

Liriodendron. 



Moschus. 

Magnolia. 

Panax. 

Phytolacca. 

Piscidia. 

Podophyllum. 

Polymnia. 

Prinos. 

Rheum. 

Santalum Rubrum. 

Scammonium. 

Scutellaria. 

Spigelia. 

Stillingia. 



66 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 



DRUGS OF BALSAMIC CHARACTER. 



Perubalsam, Tolu, Storax and Liquidambar. 
Lindera. Poplar buds. 



See p. 64. 



GUM RESINS. 



DRUGS CONTAINING PECULIAR ACIDS. 



Ailanthus, Araroba, Aspidium, Copaiba, Cubeb, Rhubarb, Santonica, 
Toxicodendron, Valerian. 
Fruits. Balsams. 

DRUGS CONTAINING GLUCOSIDES (EXCEPT TANNINS), OTHER NEUTRAL SUB- 
STANCES AND ACRID PRINCIPLES. 



Absinthium (absinthin). 
Agaricus (agaricin). 
Agrimonia (agrimonin). 
Aloe (aloin). 
Althaea (asparagin). 
Amygdala amara (amygdalin). 
Antiaris (antiarin). 
Araroba (chysarobin). 
Arnica (arnicin). 
Arum (acrid principle). 
Asclepias (asclepidin). 
Asparagus (asparagin). 

Blatta (antihydropin). 
Bryonia (bryonin). 

Cahinca (caincin). 
Calamus (acorin). 
Cantharis (cantharidin). 
Carduus Benedictus (cnicin). 
Caulophyllum ( saponin). 
Chimaphila (arbutin). 
China (parillin). 
Cimicifuga (acrid principle). 
Cocculus (picrotoxin). 
Colocynthis (colocynthin). 
Convallaria (convallamarin). 
Coriaria (coriamyrtin). 



Lactuca (lactucin, etc.). 
Ledum (ericolin, etc.). 
Leptandra (saponin). 
Liriodendron (liriodendrin). 

Magnolia (acrid principle). 
Manzanita (arbutin). 
Melilotus (coumarin). 
Menyanthes (menyanthin). 
Mezereon (daphnin). 
Monesia (saponin). 
Myrica (myricin). 

Oenothera (acrid principle). 

Panax (panaquilon). 

Paracoto (paracotoin, etc.). 

Petroselini Radix. 

Phytolacca (phytollaccin). 

Piper (piperin?). 

Piscidia (piscidin). 

Podophyllum (podophyllotoxin, etc.). 

Polygonatum (convallamarin?). 

Populus (populin). 

Pulsatilla (acrid principle). 

Pyrus Malus (phlorizin). 

Quassia (quassiin). 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 



6 7 



Coto (cotoin). 
Cyclamen (cyclamin). 

Digitalis (digitoxin, etc.). 
Dipterix (coumarin). 
Dulcamara (solanin). 
Dracontium (acrid principle). 
Drosera (acrid principle). 

Elaterium (elaterin). 
Epigsea (arbutin). 
Ergot ? 
Euonymus (euonymin). 

Fel. 

Frangula (frangulin). 

Frasera. 

Fraxinus (fraxin). 

Gaultheria (arbutin, ursone). 
Geum (gein). 
Gillenia (gillenin). 
Glycyrrhiza (glycyrrhizin). 

Helleborus (Helleborin, etc.). 
Helonias (chamaelirin). 
Hemidesmus (coumarin). 
Hippocastanum (sesculin, fraxin). 

Iris (acrid principle). 

Kino (kinoin.) 



Quercus (quercitrin). 
Quillaia (saponin). 

Rhamnus catharticus (rhamnocathartin). 
Rheum (chrysophan). 
Ricinus (acrid principle). 

Salix (salicin). 

Santonica (santonin). 

Saponaria (saponin). 

Sarsaparilla (sarsaparillin). 

Scilla (scillitoxin, scillipicrin, etc.). 

Senecio (acrid principle). 

Senega (senegin). 

Senna (cathartin). 

Simaruba (quassiin). 

Spigelia? 

Stillingia (acrid principle). 

Struthium (saponin). 

Taraxacum (taraxacin). 
Thuja (thujin). 

Tiglii Semen (acrid principle), 
Trillium (acrid principle). 

Ustilago? 

UvaUrsi (arbutin, ursone, ericolin). 

Vanilla (vanillin). 
Viburnum (viburnin). 
Viola (acrid principle), 

(Xanthoxylum). 



Agrimonia (5%). 
Alnus rubra. 
Alnus serrulata (4; 
Areca (15%). 

Bela. 

Berberis vulgaris. 



DRUGS CONTAINING TANNIN. 

Granati Radicis Cortex Oenothera. 

(22 %). 

Guarana (25 %). Populus. 

Prinos. 

Haematoxylon. Prunus Virginiana. 
Hamamelidis Cortex 

(8 %). Quercus. 



68 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 



Bistorta (20%). 
Brayera (24%). 

Castanea. 

Catechu(20 to 50%) 
Ceanothus (9^). 
Cinchona. 
Comptonia (8%). 
Cornus. 

Diospyrus. 

Epi§^ea(3^%). 
Erigeron. 

Galla(40 to 65 %). 
Gambir (30 to 40 f ). 
Geranium (15 fc)- 
Granati Fructus (28 



Helianthemum . 
Hemidesmus. 
Heuchera (19 %). 
Hippocastanum. 
Humulus. 

Kino. 

Krameria (20 f ). 

Ledum. 
Liriodendron. 
Lycopus. 

Mangostana. 
Manzanita. 
Matico. 

Monesia (50 f c ). 
Myrobalans (40 %) 
%)■ 



Rheum. 

Rhus aromatica. 
Rhus glabra. 
Rosa Gallica. 
Rubi Radix. 
Rumex. 

Salix. 

Salvia. 

Spiraea tomentosa. 

Thea. 

Tormentilla (25 f c ). 

Uva Ursi (6| %). 
Viburnum. 



DRUGS CONTAINING BITTER SUBSTANCES (NOT ALKALOIDS), ASSOCIATED 
WITH VOLATILE OIL: 



Absinthium. 

Angelica. 

Anthemis. 

Artemisia. 

Aurantium. 

Calamus. 

Cascarilla. 



Geum. 

Humulus. 

Laserpitium. 

Leonurus. 

Levisticum. 

Lupulin. 



Marrubium. 

Matricaria. 

Melissa. 

Micromeria. 

Pimpinella. 

Thuja. 



DRUGS CONTAINING BITTER SUBSTANCES ASSOCIATED WITH TANNIN: 



Agrimonia. 
Alnus. 
Berberis. 
Buxus. 



Gaultheria. 
Helianthemum. 
Hepatica. 
Hippocastanum. 



Carduus Benedictus. Hydrastis. 
Chelone. Juglans. 

Chimaphila. Ledum. 

Cinchona. Liriodendron. 

Cornus. Lycopus. 

Epigaea. Mangostana. 



Manzanita. 

Mitchella. 

Populus. 

Prinos. 

Prunus Virginiana. 

Pyrus. 

Ptelea. 

Quercus. 

Salix. 

Uva Ursi. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 



6 9 



DRUGS CONTAINING BITTER SUBSTANCES, BUT WITHOUT TANNIN: 

Chirata (only traces of tannin), Fel, Frasera, Gentiana, Menyanthes, 
Nux Vomica, Quassia, Sabbatia, Simaruba. 

DRUGS CONTAINING ALKALOIDS, AND USED AS BITTER TONICS: 



Alstonia. 


Cinchona. 




Angustura. 


Coptis. 


Ignatia. 


Berberis. 


Dita. 


Nux Vomica. 


Calumba. 


Hydrastis. 


Xanthorrhiza. 




DRUGS CONTAINING 


ALKALOIDS. 


Aconite. 


Ergot. 


Opium. 


Agaricus Muse; 


aria. Evythrophlceum. 




Akazga. 


Erythroxylon. 


Papaveris Fructus, 


Alstonia. 




Pareira. 


Andira. 


Fumaria. 


Physostigma. 


Angustura. 




Pilocarpus. 


Argemone. 


Gelsemium. 


Ptelea. 


Aspidosperma. 


Granati Radix. 






Guarana. 


Rhoeas. 


Baptisia. 






Belladonna. 


Humulus. 


Sabadilla. 


Berberis. 


Hydrastis. 


Sanguinaria. 


Boldus. 


Hyoscyamus. 


Sarracenia. 


Buxus. 




Scoparius. 




Ignatia. 


Sophora. 


Carle a. 


Ilex. 


Spigelia. 


Chelidonium. 


Ipecacuanha. 


Staphisagria. 


Cicuta. 




Stramonium. 


Cinchona. 


Laburnum? 




Colchicum. 


Lappa Fruit. 


Tabacum. 


Conium. 


Leptandra? 


Taxus. 


Coptis. 


Lobelia. 


Thea. 


Corydalis. 


Lycium. 


Theobroma. 


Cotula. 






Cuprea. 


Menispermum. 


Veratrum album. 


Curare. 




Veratfum Viride. 


Cynoglossum. 


Narcissus. 






Nectandra. 


Xanthoxylum. 


Delphinium. 


Nerium. 


Xanthorrhiza. 


Dita. 


Nux Vomica. 




Duboisia. 







7° 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 





ACRID DRUGS. 




Aconitum. 


Eupatorium Atropurp. 


Quillaia. 


Actsea. 


Euphorbia. 




Agaricus Albus. 




Rhus Toxicodendron. 


Ailanthus. 


Helleborus. 


Ricini Folia. 


Allium. 




Ricini Semen 


Anacardium. 


Imperatoria. 




Armoracia. 


Iris. 


Sabadilla. 


Arnica. 




Sanguinaria. 


Arum. 


Leptandra. 


Saponaria. 




Lobelia. 


Sarsaparilla. 


Blatta. 




Scammonium. 


Bryonia. 


Magnolia. 


Scilla. 




Methysticum. 


Senecio. 


Cambogia. 


Mezereum. 


Senega. 


Canella. 


Monesia. 


Sinapis. 


Cantharis. 


Myrica. 


Stillingia. 


Capsicum. 






Caulophyllum. 


Oenothera. 


Tabacum. 


Chelidonium. 




Tiglii Semen. 


Cimicifuga. 


Phytolacca. 


Trillium. 


Cochlearia. 


Pimpinella. 




Colchicum. 


Piper. 


Veratrum Viride. 


Corydalis. 


Podophyllum. 
Polygon atum. 


Viola Tricolor. 


Dracontium. 


Polymnia. 


Wintera. 


Drosera. 


Pulsatilla. 




Elaterium. 


Pyrethrum. 

POISONOUS DRUGS. 




Aconitum. 


Duboisia. 


Physostigma. 


Agaricus Albus. 




Phytolacca. 


Ailanthus. 


Elaterium. 


Pilocarpus. 


Akazga. 


Erythrophlceum. 


Piscidia. 


Anacardium. 


Euphorbia. 


Podophyllum. 


Antiaris. 




Polygonatum. 




Gelsemium. 


Pulsatilla. 


Belladonna. 








Helleborus. 


Sabadilla. 


Cannabis Indica. 


Hyoscyamus. 


Sabina. 


Cantharis. 




Sanguinaria. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 



71 



(Capsicum.) 


Ignatia. 


Scilla. 


Cocculus. 




Spigelia. 


Colchicum. 


Lobelia. 


Staphisagria. 


Conium. 


Lolium. 


Stramonium. 


Convallaria. 






Coriaria. 


(Mezereum.) 


Tabacum. 


Curare. 


Nux Vomica. 


Tiglii Oleum. 


Delphinium. 




Veratrum Viri 


Digitalis. 


Opium. 





72 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 



ORGANIC OFFICINAL PHARMACAL PREPARATIONS. 



DRY, SOLID AND SEMI-SOLID PRODUCTS. 

SPECIES. — Definition. Preparation. Preservation. Uses. 

Simple Powders. — Powdered Drugs. Degree of fineness according to 
the character of the drug in each case respectively. Powders grouped ac- 
cording to fineness. Preparation. Preservation. Uses. 

Compound Powders. — How prepared. Examples. Preservation. 
Uses. 

Triturations. Definition. Preparation. Fine state of division and 
intimate intermixture. Uses. 

Extracts. —Definition. 

Preparation. — Maceration, digestion or percolation, followed by expres- 
sion, straining, filtration, evaporation, etc. 

Solid Extracts from Fluid Extracts. 

Menstrua. — Water, more or less diluted Alcohol, Alcohol, Ether, 
Acetic and other Acids, etc. 

Vessels used. For extraction; for evaporation. Form, material. Copper, 
tin, etc. 

Evaporation. — Care to be exercised. Recovery of Alcohol. Exposure 
to air and to heat. Stirring and Stirrers. 

Application of Heat. — Water bath. Steam heat. Degree and continu- 
ance of heat. Use of thermometers. 

Character of the Product. — Constituents of Extracts. Extractive. 
Apotheme. The Carbohydrates and Vegetable Albumin. Active principles. 

Homogeneousness of the product to be insured. 

Removal of Fixed Oil. 

Consistence. — i. Dry enough to be reduced to more or less fine powder. 
2. Solid but not dry, resembling pill mass in consistence 3. Soft, as of 
thick honey. 4. Semi-fluid. 

Use of glycerin. 

Strength, with reference to the drug, dependent directly upon the yield, 
which in turn depends upon the quality of the drug, the kind of menstruum, 
and the manipulative methods and skill employed. It should be as nearly 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 73 

uniform as practicable, and may be made to bear a simple relation to the 
drug by the use of unobjectionable diluents, especially if the extract can be 
powdered. 

Yield. — Extremes. Average. Causes of variance. 

Preservation. Kind of receptacles. How put up when finished. How 
kept. 

Powdered Extracts. — Preparation, character, strength, uses. 

Abstracts. — Definition and strength. Processes of Preparation. Dry- 
ing. Powdering, Fineness. Preservation. 

Resins. — Extraction. Preparation by evaporation, fusion, precipita- 
tion. Powdering. How kept. 
So-called •' Resinoids." 

Oleo-resins. — Definition. Official process. Apparatus Used. Means 
of preventing loss of menstruum. Kind of menstrua employed. 
Drugs yielding oleo-resins. 
Properties. Yield. Preservation. 

Confections. — Definition. How the sugar preserves the medicinal 
qualities. Methods of preparation. Varieties of form and consistence, from 
sugar-coated santonica and conserves of fruits to soft electuaries. — Candies. 
*' Drops." Morsuli. 

Troches. — Definition. Variety of form and consistence Lozenges, 
Pastilles, Bacilli, Drops, etc. Preparation. Implements. Preservation. 
Uses. Troches intended to dissolve quickly; intended to dissolve slowly. 
Compressed tablets. 

Pills and Mass^e. Definition. Variety of form and size. Oval and 
round. Boli, Pills, and Granules. 

Ingredients suitable for pills. Powders, insoluble and soluble. Ex- 
tracts. Saline matters. Volatile Oils. Liquids. 

Implements. Pill mortars and pestles. Form. Material. 

Pill spatulas. Pill machines; cutters; rollers. Pill tiles. Finishers. 
Boxes for silvering, etc. Capsules for drying. Sieves. 

Excipients. Dry, liquid, adhesive. 

Preparation. Mixing the ingredients. Forming the Mass Dividing. 
Rolling. Cutting. Finishing. Forming pills with the fingers; re-forming. 
Drying. 

Consistence and solubility. Must be homogeneous, of proper degree of 
firmness and readily disintegrating in water at about blood heat. 

Compressed Pills. 

Conspergatives. Objects. Substances used. 

Preservation. How kept for stock. How dispensed. 



74 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Coating Pills. Sugar coating. Chalk. Keratin. Gold. Silver. 
Resins. Oil of Theobroma. Gelatin. Acacia. Tragacanth. Apparatus 
and implements. 

Capsules and Wafers. Capsule filling, with powders and with 
masses. Fillers. How used. 

Ordinary wafers; sealed wafers. 

Jellies of Gelatin, Deer's Horn, Cetraria, Chondrus, etc. Cod Liver 
Oil Jelly. Other medicated Jellies. 

Pastes or Pastiles of •' Glyco-gelatin." Preparation. Medicaments 
suitable for this form. Uses. How kept. 

Gelatin Lamellae. Medicated sheets of gelatin. " Hypodermic 
tablets." 

Filled Capsules. Gelatin Capsules filled with fixed oils, volatile oils, 
and other substances. Form; size. Hard and soft. 

Cataplasms. Definition. Ingredients. Preparation. Cold; Hot. 

Charts. Medicated papers. Either impregnated or covered with the 
medicaments. 

Other similar preparations, made of silk, gauze, muslin and other 
fabrics. 

Wax and paraffin paper. 

Ointments. Definition. Ingredients; Fats, Resins, Oleates. Con- 
sistence and fusing points varying. Bland and stimulant bases. White 
and colored ointments. 

Methods of preparation. By fusion; by mixing. Fusing, mixing, 
straining, cooling. Application of heat; means, and degree. Vessels and 
implements. Effects of stirring during act of cooling. Beating ointments 
to insure whiteness. 

Preservation. Keeping qualities depend upon ingredients, and upon 
proper preservation against the action of heat, moisture, air, etc, New lots 
not to be mixed with old. Vessels to be used. 

Preservatives. Benzoination, etc. 

Cerates. Definition. Ingredients. White or yellow wax. Yesin. 
Preparation. Forms. Preservation. 

Spread Blistering Cerate. 

Oleates. — Preparation by Solution. By Double Decomposition. 
Form, Strength and Dilution. Oleates of metals and of alkaloids. High 
heat objectionable in preparation. Preservation. 

Plasters. — Definition. Ingredients. Processes of preparation. Oleates, 
Resins, Gum Resins, Wax, Rubber, Soap, Narcotic Extracts. 

Form: Rolls, Sticks, Cakes, Mass. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 75 

Lead Plaster. Materials. Plaster boiling. The water added. Stirring. 
Time required. When finished. Kneading. Washing. " Pulling" plaster. 
Implements. 

Adhesive Plaster. Preparation. Uses. Spreading. 

Compound Plasters. Fusion, mixing. Implements. 

Spreading Plasters Implements and their use. 

Poroused Plasters. 

Suppositories. — Definition. Ingredients. Oil of Theobroma, Soap, 
Wax, Castor Oil, Lard. Preparation by fusion or by cold processes. Mould- 
ing. Implements. 

LIQUID PRODUCTS. 
7. Aqueous Solutions and Mixtures and Glycerites. 

Simple Solutions and Mixtures. — Preparations. Implements. 
Examples. 

Medicated and Aromatic Waters. — Definition. Several methods 
of preparation. 

Distilled Waters. Apparatus, etc. Details of process of distillation. 
Products. 

Official process, U.S. P., 1880. 

Other processes. 

Mucilages. — Definition. Variety of form and character. Methods of 
preparation. 

Mucilages of Acacia, Tragacanth, Cydonium, Ulmus, Salep, etc. 

Uses. Preservation. 

Infusions. — Definition. Methods of preparation. Vessels. Details 
of process. Drugs suitable for Infusion. Products. 

General formula of U.S. P., 1880. 

Decoctions. —Definition. Methods of preparation. Vessels. Details 
of process. Drugs suitable for Decoction. Products. 

General formula of the Pharmacopoeia. 

Infuso-decoctions. 

Emulsions. — Definition. Varieties. True and Spurious Emulsions. 

Seed Emulsions, — Preparation. Emulsion mortar. 

Gum- Resin Emulsions, called " mixtures" in the Pharmacopoeia of the 
United States. Preparations. 

Emulsions of Fixed Oils. Require the use of an emulsifying agent to 
to be added. 

The emulsifying agents. Acacia, Yolk of Egg, Tragacanth, Chondrus, 
Salep. Emulsifying power. Proportions between Oil and Acacia. Quantity 



76 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

of water required for emulsifying; for finishing the emulsion by dilution to 
the requisite volume and shaking. 

Methods of making oil emulsions. 

The use of mucilage. 

Emulsifying by alkalis. By Saponin. 

Proportion of oil which can be held in permanent suspension in the 
finished emulsion. 

Keeping qualities. 

Miscellaneous Emulsions: Emulsions af Volatile Oils, Oleo-resins, 
Balsams, Resins, Wax, Cacao Butter, Cetaceum, Lycopodium, Creasote, 
Chloroform, Chalk, etc. 

Compound Emulsions, containing camphor, saline matters, etc. 

Syrups. — Definition. Varieties. Saccharine strength. Preparation. 
Gold process. By heat Ingredients. Keeping qualities. Preservation. 

Other saccharine solutions and mixtures, as honeys, etc. 

Glycerites. Definition. Preparation. Products. 

2. Alcoholic and Hydro-alcoholic Solutions. 

Spirits. Definition. Varieties. Methods of Preparation. Products. 
Essences. 

Other Simple Alcoholic Solutions. — Of organic and inorganic 
matters. 

Tinctures. Definition. Classification. Methods of Preparation. 
Maceration, digestion, percolation. 

Alcoholic Tinctures. Hydro-alcoholic Tinctures. Ethereal Tinctures. 
Ammoniated Tinctures. Tinctures from dried drugs. Tinctures from re- 
cent drugs. Simple and Compound Tinctures. 

Condition of drug. Kind of Menstruum. 

Products. Preservation. 

Strength of Tinctures. 

Tinctures from Fluid Extracts. 

Wines. Kind of wines used for menstrua. Application of the phar- 
macopoeial definitions of the titles, " Vinum Album" and " Vinum 
Rubrum." The alcoholic strength of these wines and of the Stronger White 
Wine. The fruit acids in wines as solvents. The Sugar. 

Preparation of Medicated Wines. Their strength, properties, preserva- 
tion, etc, 

Wines from Fluid Extracts. 

Fluid Extracts. Definition and Strength. Valoids; Mellagines. 

Standard strength of 1870 and of 1880. Liquid extracts of the British 
Pharmacopoeia. Half-strength fluid extracts. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 77 

Process of preparation. Details. Apparatus. Percolators. 

Menstrua. Injurious effects of change of menstruum. 

First, second and subsequent percolates. "Weak percolates." 

Injurious effects of heat. Evaporation of weak percolate. 
The conditions of success in making fluid extracts are: 1. A good 
drug. 2. Drug must be air dry and of the right degree of fineness [divi- 
sion]. 3. Proper moistening. 4. To let the dampened drug remain 
loose from 15 minutes to some hours, according to its character, before pack- 
ing it in the percolator. 5. To use a percolator of proper form. 6. To 
prepare the percolator properly. 7. To not pack too tightly. 8. To pack 
evenly. 9. To protect the top of the packed drug from being disturbed. 
10. To use the right menstruum. 11. To saturate the packed drug 
thoroughly througout the mass. 12. To macerate sufficiently long. 13. 
To regulate the rate of flow when percolation is started so that it shall not 
be too rapid. 14. To not change the menstruum. 15. To feed the per- 
colator faithfully. 1 6, To watch the percolation and reserve the proper 
quantity of the first percolate. 17. To keep the top of drug always 
covered with menstruum. 16. To mend any fissures, if they should appear, 
closing them by slight pressure. 19. Never to return any portion of per- 
colate to the percolator. 20. To exhaust the drug thoroughly. 21. To 
use moderate water-bath heat in evaporating the second percolate. 22. 
To carry the evaporation of the second percolate to " soft extract," and 
then to dissolve that in fresh menstruum of the same kind as used in the per- 
colation, before adding it to the first percolate. 

Deposits in Fluid Extracts. Most fluid extracts are liable to de- 
posit some sediment during the first few weeks. Fluid extracts must be pro- 
tected against light, cold, and too great heat. 

Fixed Oil in colchicum seed, stramonium seed, nux vomica, ergot, coc- 
culus, etc. Starch in sarsaparilla, glycyrrhiza, etc. Caoutchouc in lac- 
tucarium. Resin in ipecac, rhubarb, etc. Mucilage in buchu, senna, cas- 
tanea, etc. Pectin in kino, etc. Inert watery extractive in all fluid 
extracts made with weak menstrua. Viscidity and specific gravity no 
reliable signs of quality. 

Commercial Fluid Extracts. 

3. Ethereal Fluids and Solutions. 

Ethereal Tinctures and Spirits. Ether, Spirit of Nitrous Ether, Amyl 
Nitrite, Ethereal Oil, Chloroform, etc. (see p. 42). 

4. Preparations made with acid menstrua. 

Vinegars. — Medicated. — Definition. Differences from tinctures and 
wines. Preparation by maceration, digestion, or percolation. Character of 
products. Preservation. 



78 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

j. Extemporaneous Mixtures for Internal Use. 

Examples. General rules. 

6. Miscellajzeous Preparations. 

Collodions. Definition. Preparation. Properties. Preservation. 
Uses. 

Liniments. Definition. Varieties. Preparation. Uses. "Paints," 
etc. 

Injections. Definition. Varieties. Enemas, Urethral and Vaginal 
Injections, Collunaria. etc. 

Lotions. Definition. Collyria, etc. 

Gargles. Definition. Uses. 

Sprays and Inhalations. 

Hypodermatic Injections. Definition. Preparation. Uses. Pre- 
servation. 

Baths. Varieties, Preparation, etc 
Fumigations and Vapor Baths. 
Disinfectants. Definition. Uses. 
Antiseptics. Definition. Uses. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 79 



WORKING PROCESSES FOR THE PREPARATION 
OF ORGANIC PHARMACO-CHEMICALS. 

The methods of manufacture of a large number of the products of 
Organic Chemistry will be referred to under the heads to be found under the 
general subject of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, on pages 36 to 48. 

Thus, the following named preparationswill be found in the respective 
groups there described: 

Organic Acids, 

Formic, Acetic and Valeric Acid. 

Hydrocyanic Acid. 

Oleic, Stearic and Palmitic Acids. 

Lactic Acid. 

Oxalic Acid. 

Succinic Acid. 

Citric, Tartaric and Malic Acids. 

Carbolic and Cresylic Acids. 

Sulpho-carbolic and Picric Acids. 

Salicylic Acid. 

Benzoic Acid, Cinnamic Acid. 

Tannic, Gallic and Pyrogallic Acid. 

Alcohols and Products.. 

Alcohol, Wine, Ether, Ethereal Oil, Acetic Ether, Nitrous Ether. 
Chloral, Chloroform, Iodoform, Amyl Nitrite, Fruit essences. 

Carbohydrates and Products. 

Pyroxylin and Collodion. 
Malt extract and Diastase. 
Dextrin. Glucose. 
Sugar. Milk Sugar. 

Glucosides, etc. 



Aesculin. 


Coumarin. 


Populin. 


Alizarin. 


Convolvulin. 


Picrotoxin, 


Aloin. 


Cubebin. 


Piperin. 



8o 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 



Amygdalin. 

Arbutin. 

Asparagin. 

Cantharidin. 

Carmin. 

Cathartin. 



Digitalin. 

Elaterin. 

Glycyrrhizin. 

Hematoxylin. 

Phlorizin. 

Alkaloids. 



Resorcin. 

Salicin. 
Santonin. 
Saponin. 
Vanillin. 



Aconitine, Aniline, Atropine, Berberine, Brucine, Buxine, Caffeine, 
Chinoline, Cinchonidine, Cinchonine, Cocaine, Codeine, Colchicine, Cu- 
preine, Emetine, Gelsemine, Guaranine, Hyoscyamine, Homoquinine, Lobe- 
line, Morphine, Narcotine, Nicotine, Physostigmine, Pilocarpine, Quinidine, 
Quinine, Sanguinarine, Strychnine, Theine, Trimethylamine, Veratrine. 

Oleates of the Alkaloids. 

Miscellaneous Products. 

Petroleum Products and xAromatic Hydrocarbons and their derivatives. 

Volatile Oils. Camphor. Monobromated Camphor. 

Glycerin. 

Pepsin. Pancreatin. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 8 1 



EXTEMPORANEOUS PHARMACY. 

Definition. Comprehensive Scope. 

Prescriptions and Magistral formulae. 

Nomenclature of prescription writing. 

Abbreviations. Signs. 

Latin directions. 

Superscription, Inscription, Subscription, and Signature. 

Basis, Adjuvans, Corrigens, Excipient, Diluent. 

Curare cito, tuto et jucunde. 

Medicament, Vehicle, and Corrigens. 

Special injunctions, as " Cito! ", " Statim! ", etc. 

Reading of prescriptions. Doses. Use of " !! " and "(Sic)," etc. 

What "dose" means. Single dose; daily dose; maximum and mini 
mum dose; adult dose, etc. 

Numbering, dating, filing, copying. Label writing. 

Repetitions of prescriptions. 

Prescription Department and its outfit. 

Art of combining. Incompatibles, 

Unsightly mixtures not always incompatible. 

Poisons and their custody. Poison case or cabinet. What constitutes a 
poison. 

Practical Points in the preparation of solutions. 

Mixtures. Powders. Pills. Miscellaneous preparations. 

Difficult problems. 

The extemporaneous pharmacy of Acids, Chemicals, Alkaloids, Aroma- 
tic Waters, Spirits, Tinctures, Fluid Extracts, Extracts, Abstracts, Syrups, 
Powders, etc. 

The Extemporaneous Pharmacy of individual drugs and preparations is 
treated of in connection with their Pharmaco-technology. 



82 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 



THE PHARMACO-TECHNOLOGY OF TYPICAL AND 
IMPORTANT DRUGS. 

Starch and Amylaceous Drugs. 

Amylum. Uses. Decoctum Amyli. Glyceritum Amyli. 

Hordeum. Decoctum Hordei. Hordeum Prseparatum. 

Oryza. Decoctum Oryzae. Pulvis. Amylum. 

Gums amd Mucilaginous Drugs. 

Acacia. Grades. Powdered. Granulated. Tears. 

Mucilago Acaciae. Preparation. Its extemporaneous pharmacy. Sy- 
rupus Acaciae. 

Tragacantha. Grades. Powdered Tragacanth and its uses. Muci- 
lago Tragacanthae. 

Cydonium. Mucilago Cydonii. (Bandolin.) 

LiNUM. Infusum Lini. Farina Lini. Cataplasma. 

Ulmus. Mucilago. 

Altplea. Quality. Cut. Decorticated Althaea. Washed Althaea. 
Species Pectorales, G. P. 

Powdered Althaea. Uses. Pulvis Gummosus, Ph. Su. 

Decoctum Althaeae. Syrupus Althaeae. 

Pectinous Drugs. 

Chondrus. Jelly. Emulsifying properties. 

Cetraria. Cetraria Lota. Decoctum Cetrariae. Licheninum Sacchar- 
atum. 

Salep. Powdered. Mucilago. Uses. 

Fruit Jellies, Juices and Syrups. Cherries, Currants, Raspberries, 
Blackberries, Apples, Quince, etc. 

Syrupus Rubi Idaei. Acetum Rubi Idaei. Vinum Rubi Villosi. 

Animal Gelatins. 

Gelatin. Varieties and grades. Properties. Pharmacal Uses. Isin- 
glass. Glue. 

Deer's Horn Jelly. Gelatin Jelly. Glyco-gelatin. Pastiles. Medi- 
cated Lamellae. Gelatin Capsules; filled (soft and hard) and empty. Gela- 
tine-coated Pills. Hekto-graph Gelatin. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 8$ 

Sugars and Saccharine Drugs. 

White Sugar. Grades. Powdered Sugar. Pharmacal Uses. 

Syrupus Sacchari. Preparation; Properties; Uses. 

Syrups, Confections, Candies, Troches, etc. Sugar-coated Pills. 

Milk Sugar. Powder. Uses as a diluent. " Triturationes." •' Lac- 
tosa." 

Manna. Grades. Mel despumatum. Mellita. Oxymellita. 

Starch -Sugar. Forms and grades. Legitimate Uses- Confectioners' 
Glucose. •' Rock-Candy Syrup. " 

Fixed Oils and Solid Fa ts . 

Olive Oil. Grades. Uses. Emulsions. Ointments and Cerates. 
Plasters. Liniments. Medicated Oil. 

Cotton Seed Oil. Properties. Uses Ammonia Liniment. Lime 
Liniment. 

Castor Oil. Grades. Properties. Emulsion. Various Uses. 

Cod Liver Oil. Grades. Emulsions. Jellies. 

Flaxseed Oil. Properties. Uses. Carron Oil. 

Nutmeg Butter. Properties. Uses. Preparations. 

Cacao Butter. Properties. Uses in Suppositories, Cerates, etc., and 
in pill masses and pill coatings. 

Wax. Yellow and White. " Unguentum " and "Ceratum." Cerates. 
Emulsio Cerse. Use of wax in pill mass. Wax Paper. 

Lard. Simple and Benzoinated.. "Unguentum" and "Ceratum." 
Ointments. (Lard Oil.) 

Suet. Properties. Uses. Preparations. 

Spermaceti. Properties. Uses in Cerates and Ointments. Cold 
Cream. Unguentum Cetacei. Cetaceum Saccharatum, Ph. G. Emulsion. 

[Lycopodium. Properties. Constituents. Uses in medicine and 
pharmacy. Emulsio Lycopodii. Lycopodium as a conspergative.] 

Hydrocarbon Products and Tar. 
Petroleum. Uses. Preparations. 
Petrolatum. Properties. Uses. Preparations. 
Paraffin. Varieties. Uses. Paraffin Oil. 
Benzin. Properties. Uses. 
Benzol. Properties. Uses. 



84 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Tar. Grades. Properties. Washed Tar. Infusion, or Tar Water. 
Syrup. Glycerite. Tincture. Wine. Ointment. 

Black Pitch. Plasters and Ointments. 

Creasote. Grades. Uses. Aqua Creasoti. Mixtures. 

Carbolic Acid. Properties. Grades. Solutions of Carbolic Acid in 
Water, Glycerin, Fixed Oils, and Alcohol. Solution of Water in Carbolic 
Acid. 

Carbolic Acid Water. Glycerite. Ointment. Suppositories. Pills. 
Sprays. Gargles. Injections. 

Carbolic Acid Camphor. Iodized Phenol. 

Alcohols and Products from Alcohols. 

Alcohol. Uses as a solvent, and as a preservative agent. Grades and 
strengths. Dilution to definite degrees of strength. Alcoholometry. Re- 
lation of Weight to Volume and of Volume to Weight. Uses of tables of 
specific gravities and specific volumes of alcohol and its dilutions. 

Absolute Alcohol. Alcohol. "Rectified Spirit" of the British Phar- 
macopoeia. Diluted Alcohol; U. S. P. The Alcohols of other pharmaco- 
poeias. Tests. 

Uses in Extemporaneous Pharmacy. 

Uses in Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry and in the Arts. 

Wine. Production. Pharmacopoeial definition and tests. Alcoholic 
strength. Percentage of fruit acids and sugar. 

Varieties. Characteristics of the several classes of wines. Uses as 
solvents. 

Ether. — Process of preparation. Etherification. Rationale of the 
reaction. Apparatus. Details of manipulation. Continuous etherification. 
Product. Tests. 

Stronger Ether. Ether. Washed Ether. Spiritus ^Etheris. 

Solvent properties. Uses. Preservation. Extemporaneous pharmacy. 

Ethereal Oil. Preparation. Properties. Tests. Spiritus aetheris 
compositus. Preservation. 

Spirit of Nitrous Ether. — Preparation. Properties. Tests. Pre- 
servation. Extemporaneous pharmacy. 

Chloral. — Properties. Grades. Tests. Solutions: Syrups, Elixirs, 
Extemporaneous pharmacy. Doses. 

Chloral Camphor. 

Chloroform. — Process of preparation. Purification. Products. Tests. 
Preservation. 

Uses as a solvent. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 85 

Mistura Chloroformi. Spiritus Chloroformi. Chloroform Water. 
' Chlorodyne." Chloroform Liniment. 
Extemporaneous Pharmacy. 

Iodoform. — Properties. Crystals and Powder. Tests. Preservation. 
Deodorization. Solutions. Ointment. Suppositories. Pills. Dispensing. 

Glycerin. 

Glycerin. — Properties. Grades. Tests. Uses as a solvent and as a 
preservative. Extemporaneous pharmacy. 

Gun Cotton and Collodions. 

Pyroxylin. — Preparation. Properties. Tests. Uses. Preservation. 
Collodion. Solvents used. Various strengths. Preservation. Uses. 
Miscibility with other liquids. Medicated collodions. 

Orga n ic A cids . 

Acetic Acid. — Methods of preparation. Grades. Strengths. Prop- 
erties. Tests. Preservation. Uses as a solvent. Glacial Acetic Acid. 
Acetic Acid. Diluted Acetic Acid. Vinegars. Medicated Vinegars. Aro- 
matic Acetic Acid. Aromatic Vinegar. 

Hydrocyanic Acid. — Preparation. Practical details. Properties. 
Tests. Unofficial hydrocyanic acids. Extemporaneous pharmacy. Dose. 
Hydrocyanated Emulsion. 

Citric Acid. — Properties. Solubility. Tests. Citrates. Syrup of 
Citric Acid. Extemporaneous pharmacy of the acid and syrup. Lemonade. 

Tartaric Acid. — Properties. Solubility. Uses. Tests. Syrup. 
Lemonade. 

Benzoic Acid. — Varieties and Grades. Properties. Various uses. 

Tannic Acid. — Grades. Properties. Solubility. Tests. Preservation. 

Glycerite. Liniment. Ointment. Collodion. Wine. Suppositories. 
Pills. Troches. 

Extemporaneous pharmacy. 

Gallic Acid. — Preparation. Properties. Solubility. Tests. Uses- 
Preservation. 

Glycerite. Ointment. 

Extemporaneous pharmacy. 

Salicylic Acid. — Properties. Grades. Solubility. Tests. Preserva- 
tion. Antiseptic and other uses. Mixtures. Oil. Ointment. Extemp. 
pharmacy. Dose. 



86 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Oleates. 

Soap. — Varieties. Properties. Tests. Solubility. Uses. 

Powdered Soap. Uses in pills and suppositories. 

Cerate. Plasters. Liniment. 

Green Soap. Green Soap and Sulphur. 

Lead Plaster. — Preparation. Details of process. Properties. Uses. 

Various Plasters made with Lead Plaster. Adhesive Plaster. Hjaerne's 
Plaster. Brown Plaster. White Plaster. Universal Plaster. Black 
Plaster. 

Diachylon Ointment. Llebra's Balsamic Ointment. Olive Oil Ointment. 

Volatile Oils. 

Oil of Turpentine. Properties. Solubility. Re-distilled. Emul- 
sion. Linimentum Terebinthinae, U. S. Enema. Stokes' Liniment. 
Warren's Styptic. Extemp. pharmacy. Dose. 

Oil of Lavender. Properties. Solubility. Grades. Uses. Pre- 
servation. 

Spirit of Lavender. Compound Tincture of Lavender. Uses. 

Oil of Lemon. Properties. Solubility. Tests. Grades. Uses. 
Preservation. Spirit. "Essence." 

Oil of Orange. Kinds. Grades. Properties. Solubility. Tests. 
Uses. Preservation. Spirit. Elixir. 

Oil of Anise. Kinds. Grades. Properties. Solubility. Tests. 
Uses. Preservation. 

Aqua. Spiritus. [Essentia.] "Liquor Ammonii Anisatus." Pul- 
vis Anisi Compositus. Anise Cordial. Syrup of Anise. Elseosaccharum 
Anisi. 

Oil of Peppermint. Grades. Properties. Solubility. Tests. Pre- 
servation. Uses. 

Aqua Mentha? Piperitae. Spiritus. [Essentia.] Trochisci. [Rotulge]. 
Syrupus. — Menthol. 

Extemp. pharmacy. 

Oil of Cinnamon. Kinds. Grades. Properties. Solubility. Tests. 
Preservation. Uses. 

Aqua. Spiritus. Elaeosaccharum. Syrupus. 

Oil of Sassafras. Properties. Solubility. Uses. Spirit. 

Oil of Cloves. Properties. Solubility. Tests. Uses. Spiritus. 

Oil of Gaultherta. Composition. Properties. Solubility. Tests. 
Uses. Spiritus. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 87 

Camphors, 

Camphor. Properties. Solubility. Tests, Powdered Camphor. 

Camphor Water. Spirit of Camphor. Camphorated Spirit of Ether. 
Camphor Liniment. Cerate. Ointment. Camphor Ice. Camphor Phenol. 

Camphorated Emulsion. Parrish's Camphor Mixture. Hope's Cam- 
phor Mixture. Camphor Vinegar. 

Volatile Oil of Camphor. 

Extemp. pharmacy of Camphor. Pills, Powders, Mixtures, etc. 

Monobromated Camphor. 

Drugs characterized by Volatile Oils. 

Orange Peel, Bitter. Contains Volatile Oil in the " Flavedo " and 
Hesperidin in the albedo. Menstruum. Infusion. Tincture. Fluid Ex- 
tract. Extemp. pharmacy of preparations. 

Orange Peel, Sweet. Confection. Syrup. Tincture. Their ex- 
temp. pharmacy. 

Lemon Peel. Constituents. Syrup. Tincture. Extemp. pharmacy 
of preparations. 

Cardamom. Seeds used without the pericarps. Menstruum. Pow- 
dered Cardamom. Tincture. Compound Tincture. Compound Fluid Ex- 
tract. Infusion. Extemp, pharmacy of preparations. 

Cloves. Constituents, Powder. Infusion, 

Cinnamon. Kinds. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Powdered 
Cinnamon. Tincture. Aromatic Powder. Extemp. pharmacy. 

Nutmeg. Constituents. Powder. Uses. 

Peppermint. Recent and Dried. Uses. Infusion. Spirit. Julep. 



Buchu. Varieties. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. 
Fluid Extract. Tincture. Infusion. Extemp. pharmacy of preparations. 

Eucalyptus. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Fluid Extract. 
Tincture. Extemp. pharmacy. 

Valerian. Varieties. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. 
Preservation. 

Tincture. Ethereal Tincture. Ammoniated Tincture. Fluid Extract. 
Extract. Abstract. Infusion. Extemp. pharmacy. 

Drugs characterized by Volatile Oils associated with Resins. 

Turpentine. Varieties. Constituents. Uses. 



88 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Copaiba. Varieties. Constituents. Tests. Oleum Copaibse, Resina 
Copaiboe. Emulsion or Mixture. Massa Copaibse. Extemp. pharmacy. 



Asarum. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Fluid Extract. Syrup. 
Compound Syrup. Oleoresin. 

Aspidium. Varieties. Quality. Peeled rhizomes. Constituents. 
Menstruum. 

Powder. Fluid Extract, Oleoresin. Extemp. pharmacy. 

Calamus. Peeled and unpeeled rhizome. Constituents. Menstruum. 

Powder. Tincture. Fluid Extract. Oleoresin. Infusion. 

Cypripedtum. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Fluid Extract, 
Extract. 

Iris Versicolor. Nomenclature. Oleoresin. Quality. Constituents. 
Menstruum. Fluid Extract. Extract. Oleoresin. 

Pyrethrum. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Tincture. Oleoresin. 

Serpentaria. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Infusion. Tinc- 
ture. Fluid Extract. Oleoresin. 

Ginger. Varieties. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Green 
Ginger. 

Powder. Uses. Confection. Troches. Infusion. Syrup. Tincture. 
Fluid Extract. Oleoresin. Extempt. pharmacy. 

Canella. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Fluid Extract. 
Oleoresin. 

Cascarilla. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Uses. Infusion. 
Tincture. Fluid Extract. Extract. Oleoresin. 

Mezereum. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Fluid Extract. 
Extract. Oleoresin. Ointment. 

Myrica. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. " Composition Powder." 
Fluid Extract. Oleoresin. 

XANTHOXYLUM. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Fluid Extract. 
Oleoresin. 



CAPSICUM. Varieties. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. 
Powder. Infusion. Tincture. 

"Hot Drops." Fluid Extract. Oleoresin. Plaster. " Spice Plaster.' 
Extemp. pharmacy. Doses. 

Cubeba. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Uses. 



OUTLINE OF PHARxMACV COURSE. 89 

Powder. Tincture. Fluid Extract. Extract. Oleoresin. Syrup. 
Troches. Extemp. pharmacy. 

Piper. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Tests. Uses. Con- 
fection. Fluid Extract. Oleoresin. Extemp. pharmacy. 

Humulus. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Uses. 
Infusion. Tincture. Fluid Extract. Resolvent Species. 
Lupulinum. Quality. Tests. Constituents. Menstruum. 
Tincture. Fluid Extract. Extract. Oleoresin. Emulsion. Extemp. 
pharmacy. 

Eriodictyon. Constituents. Menstruum. Fluid Extract. Extract. 
Syrup. Extemp. pharmacy. 

Grindelia. Species. Constituents. Menstruum. Fluid Extract. 
Extract. 

Matico, Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Infusion. Tincture. 
Fluid Extract. Extract. 

Resins and Balsams. 

Resina. Varieties. Grades. Uses. Powder. Resin Cerate. Com- 
pound Resin Cerate. Adhesive Plaster. 

Guaiaci Resina. Grades. Powder. Constituents. Menstruum. 
Emulsion. Tincture. Ammoniated Tincture, 

Scammonium. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Puri- 
fied Resin. Emulsion. Extemp. pharmacy. Dose. 

Euphorbium. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Plasters. 

Benzoin. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Uses. Benzoinated 
Lard, Ointments, and Cerates. Tincture and Compound Tincture. 
Emulsion. 

Tolubalsamum. Constituents. Menstruum. Grades. Water. 
Tincture. Syrup. 

Perubalsamum, Tests. Constituents. Uses. Syrup. Ointment. 

Liquidambar. Constituents. Uses. Preparations. 

Drugs whose activity depends upon Resins. 

Jalapa. Varieties. Grades. Constituents. Estimation of value. 
Menstruum. 



90 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Powder. Compound Powder. Tincture. Fluid Extract. Alcoholic 

Extract. Abstract. Resin. Extract of the U. S. P., 1870. Extemp. 
pharmacy. 

Podophyllum. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Valuation. 

Powder. Tincture. Fluid Extract. Extract. Abstract. Resin. Pills. 
Extemp. pharmacy and doses of preparations. 



Kamala. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Emulsion. Fluid 
Extract. 



Cannabis Indica. Nomenclature. Varieties. Grades. Constituents. 
Menstruum. Uses. 

Tincture. Fluid Extract. Extract. Abstract. Hasheesh. Extemp. 
pharmacy and doses of preparations. 



Stillingia. Grades. Constituents, Menstruum. Fluid Extract. 
Compound Fluid Extract. Syrups. Extract. 

Gossypii Radix. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Powdering. 
Fluid Extract. Extract. 

Gum- Resins. 

Ammoniac. — Grades. Constituents. Powder. Emulsion. Plasters. 

Asafetida. — Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Plaster. 
Pills. Enema. Emulsion. Suppositories. Syrup. Extemp. pharmacy. 

Galbanum. — Grades. Constituents. Powder. Plaster. Pills. 

Myrrh. — Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Emulsion. 
Tincture. Compound Tincture (" Hot Drops"). Pills. Extemp. pharmacy. 

Glucosides, 

Amygdalin. — Properties. Solubility. Reaction with Synaptase. Pro 
portion of HCy yielded. Hydrocyanated Emulsion. 

Coumarin. — Properties. Uses. 

RESORCIN. — Properties. Uses. Extemp. Pharmacy. 

Salicin. — Properties. Extemp. pharmacy. 

Santonin. — Properties. Santoninate of Sodium. Albuminated san- 
toninate of sodium. Syrup. Troches. Confections. Extemp. pharmacy. 

Drugs containing glucosides. aitd other neutral principles, including acrid 

drugs. 
Gentiana. — Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Infusion. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 9 1 

Compound Infusion. Tincture. Compound Tincture. Wine. Fluid Ex- 
tract. Compound Fluid Extract. Extract. Powdered Extract. 

Extemp. pharmacy of preparations. 

Taraxacum. — Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. 

Succus, Extract. Infusion. Decoction. Fluid Extract. Powdered 
Extract. Compound Elixir. Extemp. pharmacy, 

Glycyrrhiza. — Varieties. Forms. Grades. Constituents. Men- 
struum. Powder. Compound Powder. Fluid Extract. Dried and Powdered 
Extracts. Pure Extracts. Compound Mixture of Glycyrrhiza. Syrup. 
Extemp. pharmacy of powder, and other preparations. Uses. 



Rhubarb. — Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Cut. Powdered. 

Compound Rhubarb Powder. "Rhubarb and Magnesia." Rhubarb 
Pills. Compound Rhubarb Pills. 

Infusion. Alkaline Infusion. Aqueous Tincture or Compound Infusion. 
Tincture. Aromatic Tincture. Sweet Tincture. Tincture of Rhubarb and 
Senna. Wine. Aromatic Wine. Bitter Wine. Simple Syrup of Rhubarb; 
U.S. P., 1870. Syrup of Rhubarb; U.S. P., 1880. Aromatic Syrup. Syrup 
of Rhubarb and Potassa ("Neutralizing Cordial"). Mixture of Rhubarb 
and Soda. Compound Rhubarb Mixture. Fluid Extract. Extract. Powdered 
Extract; Properties; Keeping qualities; Preservation, 

Extemp. pharmacy of the various preparations. 

Rumex. — Constituents. Menstruum. Fluid Extract. Extract 



Sarsaparilla. — Varieties. Quality. Constituents. Menstruum. 

Powder. Decoction. Compound Decoction. Zittmann's Decoction; 
stronger and weaker. Fluid Extract. Compound Fluid Extract. Extract. 
Powdered Extract. Syrup. Compound Syrup. Extemp. pharmacy. 

Leptandra. — Constituents. Menstruum. Fluid Extract. Extract. 

Senega. Varieties. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Infusion. 
Decoction, Fluid Extract. Extract. Abstract. Syrup. Compound 
Syrup (Jackson's), Extemp. pharmacy. 

Cimicifuga. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Decoction. 
Tincture. Fluid Extract. Extract. Syrup. Compound Syrup. 

Convallaria, Constituents. Menstruum. Tincture. Fluid Extract. 
Dose. 

Phytolacca. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Tincture. 



92 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Fluid Extract. Extract. Abstract. Narcotic Properties. 

Helleborus. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Fluid Extract. 
Extract. Tincture. 

Arnica, Radix. Constituents. Menstruum. Root compared with 
Flowers. Powder. Tincture Fluid Extract. Extract. Plaster. 

Scilla. Grades. Constituents. Drying. Powder. Menstruum. 
Vinegar. Tincture. Wine. Fluid Extract. Extract. Syrup. Aromatic 
Syrup. Compound Syrup. Oxymel. Extemp. pharmacy. 



Dulcamara. Quality. Constituents. Menstruum. Infusion. De- 
coction. Fluid Extract, Extract. 



Quassia. Varieties. Forms. Constituents. Menstruum. Bitter 
Species. Powder. Infusion. Tincture. Fluid Extract. Extract. 

Chirata. Constituents. Menstruum. Infusion. Tincture. Fluid 
Extract. 

Absinthium. Constituents. Menstruum. Infusion. Tincture. Com- 
pound Tincture. Fluid Extract. Extract. "Absinthe." "Oil of 
Wormwood." 



FRANGULA. Grade. Age. Constituents. Menstruum. Infusion. 
Decoction. Fluid Extract. Extract. 

Rhamnus Purshiana. Constituents. Menstruum. Infusion. Tinc- 
ture. Fluid Extract. Extract. 



Viburnum. Constituents. Menstruum. Fluid Extract. Extract. 
Juglans. Constituents. Menstruum. Fluid Extract. Extract. 

Hippocastanum. Constituents. Menstruum. Infusion. Fluid 
Extract. 

PoPULUS. Constituents. Menstruum. Fluid Extract. 
Prinos. Constituents. Menstruum. Fluid Extract. 
Pyrus. Constituents. Menstruum. Fluid Extract. 

Coto, Constituents. Menstruum. Tincture. Fluid Extract. Ex- 
tract. Abstract. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 93 

Paracoto. Constituents. Menstruum. Tincture. Fluid Extract. 
Extract. Abstract. 

Quillaia. Constituents. Menstruum, Powder. Infusion. Tinc- 
ture. Fluid Extract. 



Simaruba. Constituents. Menstruum. Tincture. Fluid Extract. 
Extract. 

CH1MAPHILA. Constituents. Menstruum. Decoction. Fluid Ex- 
tract. Extract. 

Uva Ursi. Constituents. Menstruum. Decoction. Fluid Extract. 

Extract. 



MbNYANTHES. Constituents. Menstruum. Fluid Extract. Extract. 



Senna. Varieties. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. "Folia 
Spiritu Extracta." 

Species Laxantes, St. Germain. Powder. Infusion. Compound In- 
fusion. "Wiener Trankchen." Confection. "Aqueous Fluid Extract." 
Fluid Extract. Purified Fluid Fxtract. Syrup. Syrup with Manna. 
Extract. Extemp. pharmacy. 

Digitalis. Quality. Constituents. Menstruum Powder. Simple 
Infusion. Infusion; U. S. P. Fluid Extract. Extract. Abstract. Ex- 
temp, pharmacy. Doses. 

Arnica, Flores. Constituents. Menstruum. Tincture. Fluid 
Extract. Extract. Extemp. pharmacy. 



Brayera. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Infusion. 
Fluid Extract. Extemp. pharmacy. 

Santonica. Constituents. Menstruum. Fluid Extract. Extract. 
Ethereal Extract. 

Extemp. pharmacy. 



Rosa Gallica. Quality. Constituents. Menstruum. Infusion. 
Vinegar. Fluid Extract. Syrup. Honey. Confection. 
Extemp. pharmacy. 



94 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Almonds, Bitter. Constituents. Water. 

Almonds, Sweet. Constituents. Paste. Compound Powder. Emul- 
sion. Syrup. Extemp. pharmacy. 



Cocculus. Constituents. (Menstruum.) Uses. 



Colocynth. Varieties. Grades. Garbling. Constituents. Men- 
struum. Powder. Tincture. Fluid Extract. Extract. Compound Ex- 
tract. Extemp. pharmacy. 



Vanilla. Varieties. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Tincture. 
Flavoring Extract. Syrup. 



Aloe. Varieties. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Purified 
Aloes. Powder. Pulvis Aloes et Canellse. Aloin. Tincture; Simple. 
Tincture, U. S, P. Tincture of Aloes and Myrrh. Compound Tincture; 
G. P. Wine. Compound Decoction. Enema. Liquid Extract. Aqueous 
Extract. Powdered Aqueous Extract. Pills. Pills of Aloes and Asafetida. 
Pills of Aloes and Iron. Pills of Aloes and Mastic. Pills of Aloes and 
Myrrh. [Pills of Aloes and. Gamboge. Pills of Aloes, Iron and Bella- 
donnna.] Extemp. pharmacy of preparations. 



Lactucarium. Varieties. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. 
Fluid Extract. Syrup, Extemp. pharmacy. 



Elaterium. Grades. Constituents. Elaterin. Extemp. pharmacy. 

Ergot. Grades. Garbling. Quality. Constituents. Menstruum. 
Powder. Infusion. Liquor Ergotae. Tincture. Wine. Fluid Extract. 
Extract. Hypodermatic Injection. '*Ergotins." Extemp. pharmacy. 

Astringent Drugs, 

Catechu. Varieties. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Troches. 
Compound Tincture. Liquid Extract. Purified Extract. Extemp. 
pharmacy. 

Kino. Varieties. Constituents. Menstruum. Tincture. Liquid 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 95 

Extract. Compound Powder. Extemp. pharmacy. 

Krameria. Varieties. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. 
Infusion. Tincture. Fluid Extract. Extract. Abstract. Syrup. Troches. 
Extemp. pharmacy. 

Rubus. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Fluid Extract. Syrup. 
Cordial. 

Geranium. Constituents. Menstruum. Fluid Extract. 



Oak Bark. Varieties. Constituents. Menstruum. Decoction. 
Fluid Extract. Extract. 

Nutgall. Varieties. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum, Powder. 
Infusion. Tincture. Fluid Extract. Aromatic Syrup of Nutgall. Oint- 
ment. Ointment of Nutgall with Opium. 



Rhus Glabra, Fructus.— Constituents. Fluid Extract. 
Alkaloids. 

Aconitine. Alkaloid. Variability. Solubility. Salts. Oleate. 
Ointment. Extemp. pharmacy. Doses. 

Atropine. Alkaloid. Solubility. Salts. Solubility. Solutions. 
Oleates. Ointment. Extemp. pharmacy. Doses. 

Berberine. Alkaloid. Solubility. Salts. Solubility. Nomenclature. 

Caffeine. Alkaloid. Solubility. Salts. Solubility. 

CiNCHONIDlNE. Alkaloids. Solubility. Salts. Solubility. Extemp. 
pharmacy. 

ClNCHONINE. Alkaloid. Solubility. Salts Solubility. Extemp. 
pharmacy. 

Cocaine. Alkaloid. Solubility. Salts. Solubility. Oleate. Extemp. 
pharmacy. Doses. 

Hyoscyamine. Alkaloid. Solubility. Salts. Solubility. Extemp. 
pharmacy. Doses. 

Morphine. Alkaloid. Solubility. Salts. Solubility. Dilutions. 
Solutions. Compound Morphine Powder. Troches of Morphine and Ipecac. 
Hypodermatic Injection. Oleate. Extemp. pharmacy. Doses. 

Physostigmine. Extemp. pharmacy. Doses. 

Pilocarpine. Extemp. pharmacy. Doses. 



96 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Quinine. Alkaloid. Hydrates. Solubility. Salts. Solubility. 
Solutions, Oleate. Pills. Extemporaneous pharmacy. Doses. 

Strychnine. Alkaloid, Solubility. Salts. Solubility. Dilutions, 
Solutions. Oleate. Extemp. pharmacy. Doses. 

Veratrine. Alkaloid. Solubility. Salts. Oleate. Ointment. 
Extemp. pharmacy. 

Drugs containing Alkaloids. 

Opium. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Assay. 

Whole Opium. Powdered Opium. Denarcotized Opium. Pulvis 
Ipecacuanhae et Opii. Dover's Powder with Denarcotized Opium. Opium 
Pills. Opium Pills with Camphor. Troches of Glycyrrhiza and Opium. 
Confection of Opium. 

Tincture. Deodorized Tincture. Camphorated Tincture. Tincture of 
Opium and Saffron. Tincture of Ipecac and Opium. Compound Liquor 
of Opium. Battley's Sedative Drops. Liquid Extract of Opium. Bate- 
man's Drops, Godfrey's Cordial. Russian Cholera Drops. Compound 
Opium Mixture. Balsam of Honey, 

Wine of Opium. Wine of Opium and Saffron. Wine of Glycyrrhiza 
and Opium. 

Vinegar of Opium. Vinegar of Opium with Saffron. 

Syrup of Opium. Syrup of Ipecac and Opium. 

Extract Denarcotized Extract. Powdered Extract. 

Enema of Opium. Opium Plaster. 

Extemporaneous pharmacy of Opium and its preparations. Doses. 



Cinchona. — Varieties. Grades. Constituents. Valuation. Menstruum. 

Yellow Cinchona. — Powder. Infusion. Decoction. Tincture. [De- 
tannated Tincture.] Liquid Extract. Fluid Extract. Aromatic Fluid Ex- 
tract. Detannated Fluid Extract. Wine. Extract, Powdered Extract. 

Red Cinchona. — Powder. Infusion. Decoction. Tincture. Compound 
Tincture. [Huxham's Tincture.] Fluid Extract. Compound Fluid Ex- 
tract. Extract. Powdered Extract. 

Pale Cinchona. — Powder. Fluid Extract. 

Extemporaneous pharmacy of Cinchona preparations. 



Belladonna, Folia. — Quality. Constituents. Menstruum. 
Cigarettes. Powder. Cataplasma. 

Succus. Extract of Fresh Belladonna Leaves. Tincture. Fluid Ex- 
tract. Alcoholic Extract. Powdered Extract. [Abstract.] 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 97 

Infused Oil. Ointment. Suppositories. [Plaster.] Extemporaneous 
pharmacy. Doses. 

Belladonna, Radix. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. 
Tincture. Fluid Extract. Extract. Powdered Extract. Abstract. Lini- 
ment. Plaster. 

Extemp. pharmacy. Doses. 

Hyoscyamus. — Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Cataplasma. 
Infused Oil. Succus. Extract of fresh Hyoscyamus. Tincture. Fluid 
Extract. Alcoholic Extract. Powdered Extract. Abstract. Extemporaneous 
pharmacy. Doses. 

Stramonium, Semen. — Constituents. Menstruum. The Fixed Oil. 

Tincture. Fluid Extract. Extract. Ointment. Extemp. pharmacy. 
Doses. 

Tobacco. — Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. 

Powder. Infusion. Enema. Extract. Extemp. pharmacy. 

Conium, Fructus. — Constituents. Nomenclature. Menstruum. 

Tincture. Fluid Extract. Extract. Powdered Extract. Abstract. 
Extemporaneous pharmacy of preparations of Conium Leaf and Conium 
Fruit. Doses. 



Nux Vomica. — Constituents. Menstruum. Powdering. 
Tincture. Fluid Extract. Extract. Powdered Extract. Abstract. 
Extemporaneous pharmacy . Doses. 



Aconite. — Species. Grades of quality. Nomenclature. Constituents. 
Menstruum. Powder. 

Tincture; U.S. P. [Tincture of Aconite Leaf. Fleming's Tincture of 
Aconite Root.] Fluid Extract. Extract. [Extracts of Aconite Leaf.] 
Powdered Extract. Abstract. Chloroform. Liniment. Plaster. Extemp. 
pharmacy. Doses. 

Physostigma. — Varieties. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. 
Powder. Tincture. Fluid Extract. Extract. Extemp. pharmacy. Doses. 

Gelsemium. — Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Tincture. Fluid 
Extract. Extract. Abstract, Extemp. pharmacy. Doses. 

Colchicum. Semen. — Quality. Constituents. The Fixed Oil. Men- 
struum. Powder. 

Tincture. Fluid Extract. Wine. Extemp. pharmacy. 

Colchicum, Cormus. — Quality. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. 



05 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Tincture. Fluid Extract. Wine. Extract; U.S. P. The Extract of 
Colchicum of the British Pharmacopoeia 

Veratrum Viride. — Fresh and Dried. Constituents. Menstruum. 
Powder. Tincture; U.S. P. Norwood's Tincture. Fluid Extract. Extract. 
Extemp. pharmacy. Doses. 

Sanguinaria. — Quality. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. 

Vinegar. Tincture. Fluid Extract. Extract. Abstract. Syrup. 

Lobelia. — Constituents. Menstrua. Powder. Infusion. Tincture. 
Ethereal Tincture. Vinegar. Fluid Extract. Extract. Extemp. pharmacy. 
Doses. 

Pilocarpus. — Quality. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Infusion. 
Tincture. Fluid Extract. Extract. Abstract. Extemp. pharmacy. Doses. 

Ipecacuanha. — Varieties. Grades. Constituents. Menstrua. Powder. 

Infusion. Tincture. Wine. Fluid Extract. Syrup. Troches. Extemp. 
pharmacy. 

Aspidosperma. Quality. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Infu- 
sion. Tincture. Fluid Extract. Extract. Abstract. 

Granati Radicis Cortex. Quality. Constituents. Menstruum. 
Powder. Decoction. Fluid Extract. Extract. 

Pareira. Quality. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder, Infusion. 
Decoction. Fluid Extract. 

Scoparius. Constituents. Menstruum. Decoction. Fluid Extract 

Hydrastis. Quality. Constituents. Valuation. Menstruum. 
Powder. Infusion. Tincture. Fluid Extract. " Aqueous Fluid Extract." 
Extract. 

Guarana. Quality. Constituents. Menstruum. Powder. Fluid 
Extract. Extract. 

Erythroxylon. Quality. Constituents. Valuation. Menstruum. 
Powder. Fluid Extract. Extract. 

Tea. Varieties. Grades. Constituents. Menstruum. Infusion. 
Fluid Extract. 

Coffee. Varieties. Grades. Constituents. Green. Roasted. 
Powdering. Infusion. Fluid Extract, Extract. Syrup. 

Drugs yielding cyanogen compounds when moistened with water. 

Prunus Virginiana. Quality. Constituents. Menstruum. 
Infusion. Fluid Extracts. Syrup. Wine. Extemp. pharmacy. 
[bitter almond, laurocerasus.] 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 99 

SlNAPls. Varieties. Constituents. Powder. Cataplasma. Mustard 
Paper. Mustard Bath. 

[armoracia. allium.] 

Animal Drugs. 

Cantharis. Various Blistering Beetles. Cantharis vesicatoria. Con- 
stituents. Menstruum. Preservation. Powder. Vinegar. Cerate. Cerate 
of Extract of Cantharides. Paper. Collodion. Fluid Extract. Liniment. 
Albespeyre's Vesicatory, Plaster. Warming Plasters. Tincture. Extemp. 
pharmacy. 

Castoreum. Varieties. Quality. Constituents. Tincture. Tincture 
of Castor with Opium. 

Musk. Quality. Constituents. Tincture. Emulsion. Extemp. 
pharmacy. 

Ox-Gall. Constituents. Inspissated Ox-gall. Purified Ox-gall. 
Extemp. pharmacy. 

Beef Extracts. Varieties. Preparation. Beef Teas. 

Pepsin. Varieties. Preparation. Properties. Valuation. "Crystal- 
lized" or scaled Pepsins. Liquor Pepsini. Saccharated Pepsin. Incom- 
patibilities. Extemporaneous pharmacy. 

Pancreatin. Preparation. Properties. Pancreatized Fat. Pan- 
creatic Emulsion. 

Egg Albumen, and Yolk of Egg. Uses. Preparation. 

Sponge. Compressed Sponge Sponge tents. Burnt Sponge. 
Bleaching Sponges. 

Coloring Matters. 

The pharmacy of: Alkanna, Arnotta, Chlorophyll, Cochineal, Crocus, 
Curcuma, Cudbear, Litmus, Indigo, Sap Green, Red Saunders. 



non-chemical pharmacy of inorganic substances. 

Mercury Preparations. Mercury Mass. "Powdered Blue Pill." 
Hydrargyrum cum Creta. Mercurial Ointment. Liniment of Mercury. 
Mercury Suppositories. Mercury Plaster. 

Calomel Pills. Compound Cathartic Pills. Calomel Ointment. Bel- 
ville Ointment. 

Black Wash. Yellow Wash. Ointments of Red Iodide, Red Oxide 
and Yellow Oxide of Mercury, and of Ammoniated Mercury. 

[Citrin Ointment and Diluted Citrin Ointment.] 



IOO OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Sulphuric Acid. Diluted Sulphuric Acid. Aromatic Sulphuric Acid. 
Sulphuric Acid Lemonade. Sulphuric Acid Syrup. Warren's Styptic. 

Chalk. Compound Powder. Aromatic Chalk Powder. Aromatic 
Chalk Powder with Opium. Chalk Mixture. Troches. 

Iodine. Compound Solution. Tincture. Decolorized Tincture. 
Liniment. Ointment. Collodion. Iodized Starch. 

Sulphur. Ointment. Compound Sulphur Ointment. Alkaline Sulphur 
Ointment. Sulphur with Green Soap. Confection of Sulphur. 

Phosphorus. Solutions in Alcohol, Ether, Chloroform, Oil. 

Powdered. Pills. Paste. 



EXTEMPORANEOUS PHARMACY OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES. 

Acids. Nitric, Sulphuric, Sulphurous, Phosphoric, Boric, Chromic, 
Nitrohydrochloric, Hydrochloric, Hydriodic, Hydrobromic, and Hydro- 
cyanic Acids. 

Chlorine. Water. Solutions of Chlorinated Soda or Lime. 

Iodine. Tincture. Compound Solution. Ointment. 

Sulphur. "Flowers." Precipitated. Washed. Sulphurated Potassa 
and Sulphurated Lime. 

Phosphorus. Powder. Pills. Solutions. 

Potassium Salts. Carbonate, Bicarbonate. Potassa. Liquor 
Potassse. Potassa-cum-Calce. Nitrate. Chlorate, Iodate and Bromate. 
Sulphate. Chloride. Iodide. Bromide. Cyanide. Acetate. Potassium- 
Sodium Tartrate. Citrate. Oleates. 

Sodium Salts. Carbonate. Dried Carbonate. Bicarbonate. Chlorate. 
Phosphate. Hypophosphite. Sulphate. Hyposulphite. Borate. Arseniate. 
Chloride. Iodide. Bromide. Acetate. Soda powders. Seidlitz powders. 
Citrate and Solutions. Salicylate. Benzoate. Santoninate. Oleate. 

Lithium Salts. Carbonate, Chloride, Bromide, Citrate, Salicylate, 
Benzoate. 

Ammonium Compounds. Water of Ammonia. Spirit. Aromatic 
Spirit. Carbonate. Chloride. Iodide. Bromide. Acetate. Valerianate. 
Benzoate. Liniment. 

Calcium Preparations. Lime W T ater. Syrup. Carbonates. Phos- 
phate. Lactophosphate. Hypophosphite. Plaster of Paris. Sulphite. 

Magnesium Preparations. Magnesia. Heavy Magnesia. Carbonate. 
Sulphate. Sulphite. Citrate and preparations. 

Zinc Preparations. Oxide. Ointment. Sulphate. Chloride. Iodide. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. IOl 

Phosphide. Acetate. Valerianate. Sulpho-carbolate. Salicylate. 

Oleates. 

Cadmium. Sulphate. Iodide. Oleate. 

Lead. Acetate. Iodide. Oleate. 

Copper. Sulphate. Acetate. Oleate. 

Silver. Nitrate. Oxide. Oleate. 

Mercury. Mercurous Chloride, Iodide and Oleate. Mercuric Chloride; 
Oxides; Iodide; Nitrate; Sub-sulphate; Oleates. 

Aluminium. Hydrate. Sulphate. Chloride. Alum. Oleate. 

Iron Preparations. Reduced Iron. Oxides. Hydrate. Saccharated 
Oxide and preparations. Antidote for arsenic. 

Ferric Nitrate Solution. 

Phosphates and Pyrophosphates. 

Ferrous Sulphate; crystallized and dried. 

Monsel's Solution and Powder. 

Carbonates of Iron; Vallet's Mass, Saccharated, etc. 

Oxalate. 

Arseniate. 

Chlorides. Solution of Ferric Chloride. Tinctures of Iron. 

Iodide and Bromide, and Syrups. 

Dialysed Iron. 

Acetate. Lactate. 

Tartrate of Iron and Potassium. Tartrate of Iron and Ammonium. 
Citrate. Ammonio-Citrate. Citrates with Quinine and with Strychnine. 

Antimony preparations. 

Arsenic. Arsenious Acid. Fowler's Solution. Sodium Arseniate 
Donovan's Solution. 

BISMUTH. Subnitrate, Subcarbonate, Oxide and Citrates. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 



OPERATIVE PHARMACY. 

Practical Work and Instruction in the Pharmaceutical 
Laboratory of the College. 



Attendance in the pharmaceutical laboratory is obligatory. It is, per- 
haps, the most important and useful of all the adjuncts of education in 
pharmacy. Every student in the college should avail himself to the fullest 
extent possible of the practical training given. A fair course in the pharma- 
ceutical laboratory would cover not less than two days' attendance each 
week throughout both junior and senior years. 

Each individual student receives separate instruction and is assigned 
such work as may best serve to benefit him. The selection of work is in 
great measure left to the students themselves, with due regard to their pre- 
vious practical experience. All the technical work legitimately belonging to 
the professional occupation of the pharmacist is taught. 

The laboratory accommodates ninety-six students, working together at 
one time, and three hundred and eighty-four students have each their own 
separate lock safes and drawers for their apparatus, etc. 

There are sixteen sections of work, each section having separate tables 
fitted with the special apparatus requisite for the preparations and processes 
it includes. Other sections may be added hereafter. 

The number of lessons taken by each student in any one of the several 
sections, of course, depends upon his capacity to learn, as well as upon the 
character of the work, some sections requiring only a few lessons, whilst 
other sections of work may be profitably pursued for many weeks or months. 

Section I. — Preliminary Exercises in the use of apparatus, and in the 
simpler manipulations. Weighing and measuring. The transposition of 
working formulae. Making and inserting filters. The use of burners, cap- 
sules, baths, and other utensils. 

Beginners, only, require more than two or three drills in this section. 

Section II — General Phari?iaco- Chemical Work. — In this section the 
students make inorganic pharmacal preparations by processes including 
trituration, solution, filtration, boiling, evaporation, crystallization, granula- 
tion, precipitation, lotion, decantation, etc. 



OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 103 

Section III. — Miscellaneous Officinal Organic Pharmacals. — Practice 
in making aromatic waters, syrups, ointments, and cerates; preparations 
made by maceration, infusion, decoction; confections, troches, and all other 
organic pharmacal preparations except such as involve the processes of per- 
colation and distillation. 

Section IV. — Percolation — Practical exercises in making tinctures, 
fluid extracts, and other preparations including percolation as one of the 
steps of the working process. Each student being supplied with an assort- 
ment of percolators, of proper form, and all requisite accessories, opportunity 
is here afforded for thoroughly mastering all the details of this most impor- 
tant process which is employed in the preparation of so large a proportion of 
the products which every skilled pharmacist can profitably prepare for his 
own demand. 

Section V. — Extemporaneous Pharmacy. — Practice in making mix- 
tures, emulsions, pills, pill coatings, suppositories, spread plasters, capsules, 
sealed wafers, and other problems in dispensing. 

Each student is furnished with a separate pair of prescription scales, an 
assortment of mortars and pestles, pill machines, etc 

Section VI. — Distillation and Evaporation. — The use of stills and 
condensers, retorts and receivers, and other apparatus used in distillation. 
Also the use of evaporating pans and capsules, steam and water baths, etc. 

The recovery of alcohol from marc, and rectification of alcohol. The 
preparation of solid extracts, abstracts, etc. 

Preparation of hydrobromic acid, spirit of nitrous ether, ether, chloro- 
form, etc. 

Section VII — Dry processes requiring heat. — Preparations made by 
processes involving fusion, exsiccation, calcination, etc. 

Uses of hood, gas heaters, crucibles, etc. 

Section VIII. — Chemical Solution and Wet Oxidation. — Practice in 
making preparations such as require the solution of metals in nitric, hydro- 
chloric, and other acids; the oxidation of chemical compounds by nitric 
acid; the preparation of phosphoric acid; and similar processes requiring the 
use of a fume chamber. 

Preparations of iron, mercury, bismuth, silver, antimony, etc., are made 
in this section. 

Section IX. — Generation and Solution of Gases, — Practice in the use 
and connection of flasks and other generators with wash bottles, receivers, 
etc., and the preparation of sulphurous acid, chlorine water, hydrosulphuric 
acid, spirit of ammonia, etc. 



104 OUTLINE OF PHARMACY COURSE. 

Section X. — Drying Room Operatioits. — The preparation of scale salts 
and other products requiring the use of the drying chamber. 

Section XI. — Determination of Physical Constants. — Practice in the 
use of specific gravity apparatus and thermometers, alcoholometers, etc. 

Section XII. — Dialysis and miscellaneous processes not classed. else- 
where. 

Section XIII. — Extraction and Preparation of Alkaloids and other 
proximate principles from drugs. 

Section XIV. — Assaying of Drugs, as of Opium, Cinchona, Nux 
Vomica, Hydrastis, Jalap, Scammony, Podophyllum, etc. 

Section XV. — Examination of Commercial Pharmacals, as Fluid Ex- 
tracts, Tinctures, Extracts, Pills, etc. 

Section XVI. — Proximate Organic Analysis. — Qualitative and Quanti- 
tative chemical examination of drugs; the recognition of their proximate 
principles; estimation of moisture, ash, fats, tannin, alkaloids, resin, volatile 
oils, and other substances; etc. 



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